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  • From Bitcoin to Ether: Today’s Blockchain Basics

    Posted on by Azrael 1 Comment

    From Bitcoin to Ether: Today’s Blockchain Basics

    Bitcoin and its underlying technology blockchain are game-changing technologies that are reshaping and revolutionizing the world economy. (1)

    Often hidden behind the headlines of Bitcoin’s meteoric rise in market value and blockchain’s technological promise is a basic understanding of what these two technologies are and where they come from.

    This brief article examines the digital currencies Bitcoin and Ethereum and introduces Blockchain, the technology that facilitates the digital transfer of value and much more.

    Bitcoin: The Beginning?

    “I think the internet is going to be one of the major forces for reducing the role of government. The one thing that’s missing, but that will soon be developed, is a reliable e-cash.” — Milton Friedman, ‘99’

    In 2008, a person or group of people acting under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto published a white paper titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. The paper introduced a solution to two puzzling issues.

    The first was our inability to transfer money digitally between willing participants without the need of a trusted third party. The second was that a function was needed to transfer money digitally with the ability to establish the order of transactions to avoid double spending.

    Nakamoto proposed two solutions:

    1. A peer-to-peer currency capable of maintaining its value without a central authority.
    2. A decentralized digital ledger capable of establishing the order of transactions.

    The ledger would operate much the same as any other, except that the recorded transactions would be distributed to computers around the world.

    In 2009 the ability to transfer value digitally was born in what is widely known as Bitcoin. However, it is the second capacity, now known as blockchain that is proving to be of far greater significance.

    Although blockchain has scarcely found its way into mainstream thinking and discourse, it is, as mentioned, revolutionizing the world economy.

    Bitcoin and Ethereum

    Since inception, Bitcoin has captured the attention of an ever-growing, and yet relatively small, number of investors, enthusiasts, companies, and others around the globe.

    As it has grown, it has served the dual function of acting as proof of concept for a “peer-to-peer version of electronic cash” and simultaneously giving rise to thousands of other digital currencies.

    The most well known of these currencies by market value are Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin’s current market value is $37 Billion USD, while Ethereum’s is $16 Billion USD.

    Any attempt however to compare the two cannot be accurately described as an apples-to-apples comparison. More about this later. First, let’s look at what Bitcoin actually is.

    Bitcoin

    Bitcoin is a decentralized peer to peer electronic version of cash that maintains its value without backing or inherent value. It allows the transference of money digitally without going through a trusted third party such as a bank or credit card. (3)

    The first standardized value of Bitcoin was set on October 5th, 2009 at $.0008, calculated using $1USD equals 1309.03 Bitcoin (BTC). It presently trades at more than $2300 USD. This represents 2.9 million x its initial value. (4)

    According to the Washington Post, if you had purchased $100 in Bitcoin seven years ago, those coins would be worth more than $73 million USD today. To put this into perspective, if you had invested $100 into Amazon.com when it went public in 1997, your investment would be worth just under $64,000. It is worth noting, however, that digital currencies are significantly more speculative than stocks like Amazon. (5) (6)

    As the price of Bitcoin goes higher, one question that naturally comes to mind is, Where do Bitcoins come from?

    Mining

    Where do Bitcoins come from if by definition they are not backed by any central authority? Bitcoins are actually “mined” into existence by Bitcoin miners.

    The easiest way to think about this is to consider gold miners. Gold miners work to mine gold from the earth. As it is mined, it then enters the economy. Conceptually, Bitcoin is the same.

    New Bitcoins are generated through a competitive process called mining. Miners are given Bitcoins as rewards for their services processing transactions and securing the network using highly specialized hardware. (7)

    Investopedia offers a more in-depth explanation of the process of mining.

    How Are Bitcoins Used?

    After Bitcoins are mined into existence, how are they used and what are they used for?

    Bitcoins are traded on exchanges like stocks, bonds, and currencies, and are also used as currency in the exchange of goods and services.

    The number of vendors and merchants accepting Bitcoins for the exchange of goods and services is expected to grow from the 1000’s to the 100,000’s now that Japan is accepting Bitcoins as currency.

    Japan is the first nation to officially accept Bitcoin for payments. More than 300,000 merchants will begin accepting Bitcoin payments in that country alone. (8)

    Here is a list of 100 major US-based retailers currently accepting Bitcoin.

    Bitcoin, however, is not the only digital currency growing in value and capturing global attention. Ethereum shares many of these characteristics with Bitcoin while also possessing several unique qualities.

    Ethereum

    “I would say Ethereum boasts features and opportunities to things Bitcoin doesn’t. It’s like saying a telephone can beat an orange.” — Vitalik Buterin, 2014 (9)

    While Bitcoin was first to market and has drawn most of the media attention, many believe that the Ethereum blockchain, and its currency Ether, is a much more powerful tool.

    In 2013, then-19-year old Vitalik Buterin proposed Ethereum in a white paper titled “Ethereum White Paper: A Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform.”

    The development of the protocol was crowd-sold in 2014, raising over $150 million USD. The system itself was finally launched on July 30, 2015.

    Ethereum is an open source blockchain platform and its fundamental contention is this, that blockchains can be used for more than just the transfer of money.

    Additional use cases include currencies, financial instruments, property, domain names, along with more sophisticated cases like exchanges, derivatives, peer to peer gambling, and identity and reputation systems. (10)

    Smart Contracts

    “Smart contracts” are one of Ethereum’s most important contributions to the rapidly expanding universe of digital currencies and blockchains.

    They can be thought of as a digital means of facilitating the exchange of anything of value in a way that is transparent and removes middlemen such as lawyers, notaries, and others. Smart contracts perform this function by carrying out the terms of the digital contract itself. (11)

    Another of Ethereum’s unique characteristics is its digital currency Ether.

    Ether

    Ethereum, like Bitcoin is a digital currency. However, unlike Bitcoin, it is also a blockchain platform. Ethereum’s currency, Ether is used primarily to access the Ethereum network.

    The Ethereum Foundation defines Ether as a fuel or a form of payment that is used by clients of the Ethereum platform to pay for the machines that are executing the requested operations. (12)

    Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum has two digital currencies trading in the market. The first is Ethereum which trades under the symbol — ETH. While the other, known as Ether Classic, trades under the symbol ETC.

    In June 2016 a large scandal rocked the Ethereum community. A still-unknown hacker attempted to steal more than $50 million dollars due to a software bug. The end result was the creation of a second Ether trading currency.

    If it is of greater interest here are two articles that explain the hack in more detail Article 1 & Article 2. For a more technical explanation read this article by Maria Paola Gelvez Gomez, former head of Coinbase in Latin America.

    Where Does Ether Come From and What Is It Used For?

    Similar to Bitcoin, Ethereum is also mined. Groups of “miners” work to validate and store the transactions taking place on the Ethereum platform. The Huffington Post presented a clear and coherent article on Ethereum mining.

    While Bitcoin and other digital currencies can be used to purchase goods and services, as mentioned, Ether is primarily used for transactions associated with accessing the Ethereum network and trading.

    What is most important to remember about Ethereum is that it is not only a digital currency, it is also blockchain based platform with smart contracts, and it allows for the building of apps, of which digital currencies are but one expression.

    Blockchain

    “The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that can be programmed to record not just financial transactions but virtually everything of value.” Don and Alex Tapscott (13)

    What is a Blockchain?

    Nakamoto Satoshi’s initial description of the framework needed to facilitate the movement of online payments between two willing participants without an intermediary has become known as blockchain.

    In its most simple form blockchain is a decentralized ledger. The implications of blockchain however, are far greater than the simplicity its name implies.

    Blockchain facilitates the digital transference of value itself. Sally Rivers, Financial Times technology writer describes the relationship between blockchain and digital currencies like Bitcoin: “[Blockchain] is to Bitcoin, what the internet is to email.”

    In the same way the internet facilitates the digital transfer of information, blockchain facilitates the digital transfer of value.

    Industries in which blockchain technology is being rapidly explored and deployed include the capital markets, financial services, payments and remittances, derivatives, identity and reputation management, governance, sharing economy, supply chain, auditing, stock trading, internet of things, insurance, healthcare, and others.

    A Few Takeaways

    Digital currencies and Blockchain technology are truly reshaping the world economy. We may, however, be too close to their inception to accurately assess their importance or ultimate impact.

    A few key thoughts from this post:

    • Bitcoin was founded in 2008 and launched in 2009. Bringing with it digital currencies and the underlying technology, blockchain.
    • There are thousands of new digital currencies of which Bitcoin ($30bil) and Ethereum ($16bil) are the largest in terms of market value.
    • These currencies are created through a process of digital mining akin to mining for gold.
    • Many of these currencies are traded on exchanges like stocks, and used for the purchase of good and services.
    • Ethereum recognized blockchains can be used for more than digital currencies, and introduced smart contracts.
    • Blockchain is to Bitcoin, as the internet is to email.

    One of the best and most insightful presentations on Blockchain is a 30-minute video created by Farzam Ehsani, Blockchain Lead at the Rand Merchant Bank in South Africa. I highly recommend it to everyone.

    Referring to the unfoldment of this new technological development, in a polite and slightly prophetic tone Mr. Ehsani shared in his closing statement, “We are on that journey, and there’s no turning back.”

    It is indeed true. We are on a new digital journey, and no, there is no turning back!

    If you have any comments or suggestions about interesting topics related to blockchain technology, reach out to me on Twitter!

    Reprinted from Tradecraft.


    Billy Silva

    Billy Silva works in business and development and sales at Tradecraft.

    This article was originally published on FEE.org. Read the original article.


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  • The Thrilling and Sometimes Terrifying World of Crypto-Innovation Is at a Turning Point

    Posted on by Azrael Comment

    The Thrilling and Sometimes Terrifying World of Crypto-Innovation Is at a Turning Point

    It’s one thing to read about cryptoeconomics and another thing to actually do it. I had been reading about Bitcoin in the abstract from 2009, but it wasn’t until I became an owner in 2013 that I began to realize the implications of this technology.

    My boots were on the ground, as they say, and I saw and experienced things I never imagined possible. A money and payment system in one application? Made entirely from code? Invented by an anonymous programmer and gradually adopted in a globally distributed system run by hobbyists? The whole thing seemed crazy.

    I wanted to know more. So I organized one of the earliest national conferences on the topic in Atlanta, Georgia, in October 2013, when the Bitcon/dollar exchange ratio had reached $100 from $14 at the start of the year. My purpose was to bring economists and technicians together to develop a better understanding of what exactly was happening.

    Last night, nearly four years later, I attended an exciting and passion-filled blockchain meetup in Atlanta. The Bitcoin price floats around $2,500, but this is off from a high that nearly touched $3,000. Many of the people who attended my first CryptoCurrency Conference were there again, but this time was different. Instead of being curious onlookers, many people in the room were part of what we might call the digital 1%: immense earnings based on speculative investments that paid off.

    The New World 



    Now times are getting serious. The biggest banks and brokerage houses are on board. Tens of thousands of blockchain startups exist. There is a crowdfunding campaign for a new digital service and token nearly every day.

    There are so many white papers being issued that no one can keep up. For all the world, it looks like Tulipmania except that this is what many people have claimed for eight years, during which time a new world has been born.

     During Tulipmania, you were right to be suspicious because tulips had always been around. They didn’t represent anything new. The blockchain is something completely new: a new technology for porting adaptable information bits into immutable bundles to move cheaply and quickly across geographically non-contiguous lines.

    With this new capability, spreading all over the world, a new class of geeks is leading a technological push to reconstruct the way we transmit money but also do contracts, property titles, and financial markets. All of this is based on a new way of commercial engagement, from dependency on intermediaries to working directly with each other.

    Block Size 

    But merely to reflect on the amazingness of all this is not what drew the group together. The topic of the night is the pressing issue of the block size, a debate that has been rumbling around for a couple of years but which now cries out for resolution. The problem is that the blocks in the chain are currently limited to 1 megabyte, which is too small to hold all the transactions (and more complex forms of information) that the network is trying to push through. This is making the use of the network more expensive and slower than it should be. For some payment processors, it is becoming an impossible situation.

    The core development team is famously conservative. In any case, merely busting the protocol with an arbitrary expansion is not a solution. What it needs is a long-term fix. Solutions were coming so slowly that a group of users acted to schedule the implementation of what amounts to a fork in the blockchain. (For more on the debate and the plan, and the difference between hard and soft forks, go here.)

    Regardless, on August 1, something big is going to happen. It will be the biggest change to Bitcoin since its inception, with the purpose of making it scalable to compete directly with conventional payment processing.

    The debate online can seem wickedly rhetorical, and forbidding to outsiders. For my own part, I’ve stayed out because I don’t have the level of technological knowledge sufficient to weigh in. Plus, having watched the community at work for years, I know by now that online sound and fury most often masks what is at the root a sober and prudent set of developers, miners, and users. Stephen Pair is most likely right: the great forking event will most likely be boring.

    The Exciting Stuff 

    If this debate is too much – and only industry insiders are really thinking and writing about it – consider another level of complication.

    Let’s talk about what used to be called alt-coins and the category of digital assets. (Incidentally, we are nearing the point where even the world alt-coin is deprecated. We now call them what they are: Litecoin, Dash, Dogecoin, and so on.)

    When I held my conference, there were a few additional coins floating around out there. Hardly anyone thought they were viable. Back then, Bitcoin was amazing when it passed the $10 mark. Today, there are 12 additional coins that float above $10, and three of those have market capitalizations above $1 billion.

    Here’s another interesting change: there are fully 18 digital assets that trade above $10. And 10 of these assets have market capitalizations above $1 billion. Most are based on Ethereum, which is a platform for the development of a new class of services running blockchain technology. At the time it was first described, it seems visionary but outlandish. A few years later, it is a reality in the making.

    I’ve been slow to get involved in the asset market, but just yesterday tried my hand at moving tokens around in the space. I can’t begin to describe to you the complications. This is not for mere mortals. As I performed the task of moving from one asset to another, switching platforms and watching for confirmations and thresholds, I felt that same sense of awe I had when I first received and sent bitcoins. If possible, it was actually more difficult.

    Why Is this So Hard? 

    There are two factors here. First, this is nowhere near ready for the mainstream consumer marketplace. For anyone but full-time code slingers, this feels like rocket science. Second, everywhere you move, you bump into evidence of government regulation of exchanges, dating from that fateful day in the spring of 2013 when the Department of Treasury decided to effectively shut down an entire class of entrepreneurial ventures.

    It’s hard enough to reinvent the infrastructure of the global exchange economy. It is too much to attempt this feat in the face of regulators who have no clue whatsoever about the structure and technology we are dealing with here. Governments are trying to retrofit a disruptive technology by trying to make them behave like the old forms they are trying to replace.

    All of this is enormously annoying. But let me say this: it is temporary. They can slow us down but they can’t stop us. You could feel it in the energetic meetup last night. These people are smart, dedicated, and they see the future. They won’t be stopped. More than that, because they are all owners and stakeholders in this new digital space, they have the passion to follow through.

    The sad fate of revolutionary technology like this is that it doesn’t gain popular enthusiasm until it is used by the average person. Even then, the period of awe only lasts a brief time until we just assume that the world was destined to work this way. It’s this way with map apps, email, electricity, flight, steel, soap, eyeglasses, or any other invention.

    Here’s to the innovators and entrepreneurs who just keep making the world better despite every barrier and despite the absence of public acclaim they so richly deserve.


    Jeffrey A. Tucker

    Jeffrey Tucker is Director of Content for the Foundation for Economic Education. He is also Chief Liberty Officer and founder of Liberty.me, Distinguished Honorary Member of Mises Brazil, research fellow at the Acton Institute, policy adviser of the Heartland Institute, founder of the CryptoCurrency Conference, member of the editorial board of the Molinari Review, an advisor to the blockchain application builder Factom, and author of five books. He has written 150 introductions to books and many thousands of articles appearing in the scholarly and popular press.

    This article was originally published on FEE.org. Read the original article.


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