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  • Bitcoin Is a Great Counterpoint to Calls for Government Innovation Subsidies

    Bitcoin Is a Great Counterpoint to Calls for Government Innovation Subsidies

    Title: How Bitcoin Highlights the Problem with Innovation Subsidies

    Subtitle: The story of bitcoin shows us that true innovation follows its own path.

    Abstract: If bitcoin is a specific case that exposes the general flaw in innovation economics, what other opportunities are being suppressed or missed because capital is being misallocated by innovation subsidies?

    Dave Birnbaum

    Have you heard of “innovation economics?” This relatively new school of thought represents a shift away from traditional economic theories, and emphasizes entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and, you might have already guessed, government intervention as key drivers of economic growth.

    Since one of the members of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors subscribes to the concept of innovation economics, understanding this school of thought may help us interpret or even anticipate policymaker’s decisions that will affect us all.

    Rooted in the ideas of thinkers like Joseph Schumpeter, this framework seeks to recognize the importance of innovation to an economy, not just the management of resources, and provides a theoretical framework for how to encourage and accelerate the creation of new technologies, products, and services.

    Unlike classical economics, which focuses on equilibrium, innovation economics sees economies as dynamic and continuously evolving. While it’s true that the economy is a dynamic system, its proponents take this a step further, arguing that targeted government support can stimulate technological advancement, productivity growth, and economic progress.

    This approach has shaped policies in the United States over the past 20 years. Proponents point to the America COMPETES Act, STEM education initiatives, and technological research and development grants as notable outcomes.

    However, when you strip back the jargon, it becomes clear that innovation economics is just a new veneer on an age-old concept: government picking winners and losers. It is centralized industrial policy making updated with the trappings of the 21st century, and nets out to yet another form of state capitalism. The clear evidence for this can be found in an unlikely place: bitcoin.

    A decentralized digital currency that is radically improving the world economy, bitcoin’s story is remarkable. In 15 short years, a moonshot to create a universal honest ledger has been adopted by hundreds of millions of people, and even nation-states. It is sound money that can be sent anywhere in the world, and promises change that both sides of the political aisle could get behind, from healthy market competition in the financial sector, to protection from exploitation for the populations of poor countries.

    Ironically, bitcoin would be an ideal candidate for an innovation subsidy, given the tremendous positive impact it could have once key technical problems are solved. Its potential to revolutionize the financial system, enhance privacy, and democratize finance makes it a game-changer. And, although there is a robust commercial and industrial ecosystem evolving naturally around bitcoin, there is no question that the ecosystem would develop faster if it were subsidized.

    However, the benefits offered by bitcoin come at a cost to the power of state apparata, which depend on seigniorage (profiting from money-printing) as a key lever of power. Whatever you think of bitcoin and its long-term prospects, there’s no question that if it were to succeed, it would obviate the need for government-controlled fiat currencies and the central banks that issue them, and reduce the power of the state over the economy.

    Hence, even though bitcoin subsidies would seem to be consistent with the stated objective of innovation economics of helping people, bitcoin would never receive government support precisely because it works against the government’s interest in maintaining control over fiat currency. This exposes a congenital defect of innovation economics—it must be biased towards preserving the power and control of those who decide what to subsidize.

    This leads to a broader question that the reader must ponder. If bitcoin is a specific case that exposes the general flaw in innovation economics, what other opportunities are being suppressed or missed because capital is being misallocated by innovation subsidies?

    The story of bitcoin, an innovation that emerged and thrived without government support, serves as a sobering reminder that true innovation often follows its own path.

    Furthermore, it is not possible for the government to pick winners and losers in the innovation race without prejudice or self-interest. While innovation economics has alluring promises and can point to specific successes, it fails to escape the biases and conflicts that inevitably arise from government intervention.

    Despite its modern facade and claimed successes, the theory of innovation economics falls short of delivering an unbiased, effective path to technological innovation. The specific case of bitcoin, coupled with the general potential for missed opportunities due to biased capital allocation, calls into question the very foundations of this approach. Policymakers and economists would do well to carefully consider these flaws.


    Dave Birnbaum

    Dave Birnbaum is the product director at Coinbits, where he leads a team that is making Bitcoin user-friendly for the next generation of Bitcoiners.

    This article was originally published on FEE.org. Read the original article.


  • The Progressive Case for Cryptocurrency

    Editor’s Note: This is a follow-up article to “The Conservative Case for Cryptocurrency.”

    There are two basic types of progressives. One type’s primary objectives are to reduce social power imbalances and help lift up the least advantaged in society. The other type simply wants to control political power hierarchies to engineer society.

    In making a progressive case for cryptocurrency, then, it’s important to appeal to the former type. Some progressives who claim to stand for the poor unwittingly support the hierarchies that cause poverty. One such hierarchy is the big one behind the US dollar.

    The dollar is not just a piece of paper. It symbolizes a system. And that system benefits the wealthy by design. The Federal Reserve—the Bank of Banks that controls the money supply—actually has the power to tax, in a way. But that taxation power is wholly undemocratic, unaccountable, and falls disproportionately upon the poor.

    It’s called inflation.

    As Austrian economists define it, inflation is the practice of printing money out of thin air, which robs the people of their purchasing power. True progressives shouldn’t tolerate the practice because it ends up harming hard-working people, especially the poor.

    Source: FRED/Wikipedia

    Inflation amounts to a kind of perverse redistribution from poor to rich, because the redistribution works in service of the central banks and their friends in the financial sector. Obviously, inflation works to the advantage of governments, too, not to mention favor seekers who depend on debt spending.

    As Dion Rabuoin writes at Axios:

    “The Fed-driven economy relies on the creation of trillions of dollars — literally out of thin air — that are used to purchase bonds and push money into a pandemic-ravaged economy that has long been dependent on free cash and is only growing more addicted.”

    The problem is that most of these resources stay at the top of the income distribution. Whether in large corporations or in banks, the wealthiest eat first and leave very few scraps. Today much of the inflation shows up as asset prices such as stocks. Otherwise, it shows up in higher prices for food and building materials.

    “We are seeing very substantial inflation,” said Warren Buffett recently. Of course, such inflation originates in the central bank’s response to exorbitant federal spending.

    This bizarre reality creates cognitive dissonance for some progressives who think the government can do no wrong. But whether we’re talking about missile makers, mega-corporations, or millionaires drawing Medicare from the public trough, there are very few angels writing all those checks in red ink.

    Over time, inflation robs the working poor of their meager savings, as day by day every dollar buys less. It’s no wonder, then, that many poor people turn to the very same banks that benefit from inflationary policies. Most end up deep in debt. Thus, when progressives say that capitalism is a system that exploits the poor to benefit the rich, they are right—at least when “capitalism” is defined as a system with central banking at its heart.

    But if we’re all locked in the dollar’s matrix, how is a true progressive to make change?

    One way is to adopt cryptocurrencies. Now, I don’t mean any particular cryptocurrency. Some progressives don’t like bitcoin, for example, because its security protocols make high energy demands. Other cryptocurrencies will emerge that make fewer such demands but preserve the security of decentralization.

    Now, we’ve all witnessed token traders salivating in speculative greed. This has put some progressives off of cryptocurrencies to the point that it’s hard for them to view these innovations as any sort of saving grace. But when we consider that most cryptocurrencies gain purchasing power over time, we will come to see that—despite speculation—they are an escape from a system that is robbing them.

    Since we’re still in the early days of popular adoption, price volatility is an unfortunate byproduct of crypto. In time, though, the volatility is likely to settle down. Some cryptocurrencies, known as “stablecoins” are designed to be, well, stable. (We can also imagine cryptocurrency Index Funds with their own more stable tokens, sort of like a mutual fund, which is less volatile than a single stock.) People will start to understand their cryptocurrency both as an appreciating asset and as money, especially when more and more vendors accept cryptocurrency.

    But wait. Can lower-income populations really afford to get into crypto?

    First, we should define our terms. It’s not perfect, but “low-income” is generally a group of people who can scrape up some disposable income if they’re disciplined. Let’s use Pew Research’s definition, which is anything below two-thirds of the median household income.

    Now, anyone who studies poverty knows that it’s expensive to be low-income in America. For example, lower-income folks tend to pay higher overdraft fees, ATM withdrawal fees, and interest rates than the rest of us for various reasons. For better or worse, low-income folks frequently also shop at convenience stores to satisfy many of their wants and needs. Convenience stores charge more on average for so many of the things people buy, whether it’s coffee and doughnuts, cigarettes and vapes, or candy and Monster soda. And it’s not a stretch to think that many low-income people spend $4.00 per day on average for stuff that brings them short-term pleasure, but that they probably don’t need.

    What if a low-income person could forgo enough convenient-store junk to adopt some crypto? Let’s say $100 per month.

    Now, some might argue that it’s the essence of ‘privilege’ to suggest that lower-income people buy cryptocurrencies. Indeed, at the moment, you more or less have to have a bank account to do so. (And that’s a fair point.) Yet we can’t make perfect the enemy of the good, particularly when we know that people in much poorer countries, such as Venezuela and Lebanon, find a way—especially as people in these poorer countries are experiencing hyperinflation.

    So let’s go back to the idea of foregoing $100 per month in convenience-store spending and present a set of options to low-income people.

    What would happen if someone adopted $100 per month of a cryptocurrency with a 3 percent increase in purchasing power over 10 years (as opposed to a 3 percent decrease caused by inflation) and saved it? How much would their crypto be worth after 10 years? You can do the math, but the short answer is this: it’s a lot.

    Progressives concerned about poverty alleviation—think Sen. Elizabeth Warren or Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez—should give cryptos a closer look. One of the most effective ways to help low-income people and challenge predatory hierarchies is not to agitate for more debt spending by governments, but instead to create a popular movement in cryptocurrency adoption by the least advantaged.

    At the very least, some would be able to form a nest egg that is not really possible in the predatory environments after 2008, in which the taxpayers bailed out the banks and the people continue to live on dollars worth less and less each year.

    But that’s not all. Cryptocurrencies have the potential to improve the lot of low-income groups by:

    • Providing a means of cheaper remittances between hard-working poor people in rich countries to their friends and family in poor countries.
    • Allowing people to bypass intermediaries who might privilege another group over them.
    • Providing direct, equal access to gaining capital and assets
    • Providing direct, equal access to trustful systems and global markets.
    • Providing direct, equal access to legitimating, auditable properties such as identity, provenance, and consensus systems, such as voting.

    Cryptocurrencies are still in their infancy, but they have the power to reduce power imbalances and help lift up the least advantaged in society. Indeed, given how many beneficial properties they have, and how they can function as a hedge against inflation alone, the case for cryptocurrencies makes itself.


    Max Borders

    Max Borders is author of The Social Singularity. He is also the founder and Executive Director of Social Evolution—a non-profit organization dedicated to liberating humanity through innovation. Max is also co-founder of the Voice & Exit event and former editor at the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). Max is a futurist, a theorist, a published author and an entrepreneur.

    This article was originally published on FEE.org. Read the original article.


  • India Seeks to Criminalize Cryptocurrencies

    The Indian government is expected to propose a bill that would give cryptocurrency holders six months to liquidate their holdings. Failure to do so will result in fines, and one government committee even called for jail terms up to 10 years.

    It’s well known that the Indian government has not been a fan of cryptocurrencies. However, a blanket ban would be the country’s most severe policy, yet. As reported by Aftab Ahmed and Nupur Anand at Reuters, the bill is expected to criminalize the possession, issuance, mining, and trading of cryptocurrencies. And it is no exaggeration to say that this proposal could not have come at a worse time.

    Bitcoin recently reached a meteoric high of $61,000. However, the real success story might be in what has been happening behind the scenes. Namely, Bitcoin has been catching the attention of both large-scale investors and the masses. It is no longer just in the hands of a few tech enthusiasts and maximalists. Companies like Tesla, MicroStrategy, and Square have taken long term positions and Wall Street has been turning to Bitcoin increasingly for speculative investing.

    These companies have brought an “institutional credibility” to cryptocurrencies. For years, enthusiasts have been putting their money where their mouth is, but now that money is coming in the form of billion dollar investments. And people are taking notice. India alone has an estimated 8 million people invested in cryptocurrencies.

    In short, people are voting with their wallets and they have shown that they believe cryptocurrencies hold a promising future. To pull the rug out from under them now would only punish Indian citizens for their entrepreneurial spirit. Moreover, undermining the network of investors and companies that have been built over the last decade will not be without cost.

    The government’s hostility has already motivated some citizens to leave for greener pastures.

    Rahul Jain told the Economic Times that his company has moved to Estonia so that “any Indian law to criminalize crypto will not impact us.” And others are doing the same. Sathvik Vishwanath said that if the bill is passed, “it will not make sense to continue our business in India.”

    It seems that the risk is too high to ignore, yet the opportunities yielded from cryptocurrencies are too high to abandon.

    Luckily, private citizens have not been in this fight alone. It was only a year ago that India’s Supreme Court struck down the Reserve Bank of India’s attempt to forbid banks from dealing in cryptocurrencies. After weighing the arguments, the court ruled that the Reserve Bank’s move was unconstitutional.

    Unfortunately, the Reserve Bank’s incentives were no mystery: it has been planning to launch its own central bank digital currency since 2017. In fact, launching a central bank digital currency is the other half of the proposed cryptocurrency ban.

    It seems the Indian government believes that a blanket ban would be the easiest way to eliminate the competition.

    In fact, a recent report from the Reserve Bank noted that central bank digital currencies are attractive because they can be designed to “promote non-anonymity at the individual level, monitor transactions, … [and pump] central bank ‘helicopter money.’” Whereas cryptocurrencies have innovated to serve users, it seems this digital currency would be designed to serve the government. Without a ban on alternatives, it might be a hard sell.

    As the formal announcement of the proposal grows near, legislators would be wise to take note of the world around them. Cryptocurrencies have never been more popular, and they continue to break further into the mainstream with each day.

    A blanket ban in 2021 would be a poor decision.

    Currency competition should be welcomed, not penalized. The people have spoken, and they want to see the future of this technology.

    If the Indian government wants to launch a central bank digital currency, let it encourage adoption by making it the most attractive currency on the market––not by banning the competition and forcing its use.


    Nicholas Anthony

    Nicholas Anthony is an economic researcher in Washington, D.C. where he specializes in monetary and financial policy.

    This article was originally published on FEE.org. Read the original article.