Relay-Version: version B 2.10 5/3/83; site utzoo.UUCP Path: utzoo!utgpu!water!watmath!onfcanim!dave From: dave@onfcanim.UUCP Newsgroups: comp.graphics Subject: Re: WORM drives as animation output devices Message-ID: <15501@onfcanim.UUCP> Date: Mon, 7-Dec-87 14:09:14 EST Article-I.D.: onfcanim.15501 Posted: Mon Dec 7 14:09:14 1987 Date-Received: Sat, 12-Dec-87 08:54:25 EST References: <17231@glacier.STANFORD.EDU> Reply-To: dave@onfcanim.UUCP (Dave Martindale) Organization: National Film Board / Office national du film, Montreal Lines: 59 Keywords: videodisk animation single-frame recording In article <17231@glacier.STANFORD.EDU> jbn@glacier.STANFORD.EDU (John B. Nagle) writes: > > Anyone trying to use a WORM drive as a buffering medium for the creation >of video one frame at a time? Ideally, one would like to create CD-V disks >frame by frame, something which should not be fundamentally impossible. >Next best would be to use a WORM disk as a buffering device for the >digital accumulation of frames to be played back later at high speed by >a suitable play program, at which time, of course, one could record the >output on videotape. There are analog WORM video disks, typically with 13 or 20 minutes recording time on a disk. These can record single frames under computer control if they have an RS-232 command interface, provided you can give them NTSC-encoded images. Very little computer hardware is capable of real NTSC video, by the way. (To see what is involved in producing NTSC video, see the EXCELLENT article in a recent IEEE CG&A by DeFanti and friends; I don't have it here so can't give an exact citation). Unfortunately, these discs are expensive (several hundred dollars each) and can only be played back on the recorder, or other players designed for that disk format, *not* on standard laserdisk or CD-V players. The WORM recorders use special disks that are pre-formatted with track markings on the disk, which the recorder uses to determine where to write. The optical head positioning is done in essentially the same manner used by CD and Laserdisk players. Laserdisk and CD-V, on the other hand, have only the data itself on the disk, which makes the mastering machines very expensive since they have to contain measuring equipment capable of positioning the beam with an accuracy in the micron range with no help from the disk. This is why you can't write Laserdisk or CD-V format disks unless you are willing to spend a very large amount of money. There are relatively inexpensive digital WORM disks available, but they do not have the bandwidth to support real-time playback. If NTSC video is digitized as a composite waveform, it is usually done at 4 times the subcarrier frequency with at least 8 bits/sample. That's a 14 Mb (megabyte)/second data rate, while WORM drives seem to do about 500 Kb/s. If you store the images in digital form before NTSC encoding, that's (say) 640x486x3 = 933 Kb/image; at 30 frames/sec that's 28 Mb/s. Digital WORM disks are a great way to store digital images between the rendering and recording phases (so you don't tie up your single-frame recorder for weeks, recording one frame every hour), but you still need something else to do the single-frame video. Another device starting to appear that should be great for intermediate storage is a drive that stores several Gb of data on a videocassette. It doesn't allow random access, but that's fine for animation. It holds about as much as the digital WORM drives, so you have to change media far less often when recording than with 1/2 inch tape (2400 ft @6250 BPI = 140 Mb/tape). But the media cost is perhaps 1/50 that of the WORM drives and also much less than for 1/2 inch tape, and you can re-use it when your images have been safely transferred to film (oops, video). I don't have one of these yet, but when the controllers become readily available.... Dave