Born ‎ 1215 at Gloucester, England, died ‎ Apr 13, 1275 at Montargis Abbey, France‎, 59 or 60 years
[316552.ftw]

See Historical Document.

TITL Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell AUTH Marlyn Lewis PUBL 08 Oct 1997 Manuscript
TEXT no place
TITL The Plantagenet Ancestry AUTH W.H. Turton PUBL Genealogical Publishing Comp, Baltimore , 1928 (reproduced 1993) Being Tables Showing Over 7,000 of the Ancestors of Elizabeth (Daugh ter of Edward IV and Wife of Henry VII) The Heiress of the Plantagenets, with Preface, Lists , Notes and a Complete Index. poor J.H. Garner Book PAGE p 224
TEXT no place
TITL Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy AUTH Alison Weir PUBL rev. ed, Pimlic o Random House, London 1989, 1996 J.H. Garner Book PAGE p 70
TEXT no place
TITL The Reckoning AUTH Sharon Kay Penman PUBL Ballantine Books, New York, 1991 Book
TITL Wilson, Alan B. good soc.genealogy.medieval contributer, abwilson@uclink2.berkeley.ed u (Alan B. Wilson) Electronic
TITL Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy AUTH Alison Weir PUBL rev. ed, Pimlic o Random House, London 1989, 1996 J.H. Garner Book PAGE p 71
TITL University of Hull Royal base (England) AUTH Brian Tompsett, Dept of Computer Science P UBL copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 usually reliable but sometimes includes hypothetical lines, my thological figures, etc WWW, University of Hull, Hull, UK HU6 7RX bct@tardis.ed.ac.u k Electronic
TITL Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy AUTH Alison Weir PUBL rev. ed, Pimlic o Random House, London 1989, 1996 J.H. Garner CALN Book PAGE p 70
TITL Falls the Shadow AUTH Sharon Kay Penman PUBL Ballantine Books, New York, 1988 Librar y of J.H. Garner CALN Book
_FA1 PLAC Despite vowing perpetual chastity upon widowhood, she married Simon de Montfort.
_FA2 PLAC Interred: Montargis Abbey, France.
_FA3 DATE Jun 1259 PLAC Held up treaty with France as she refuses to renounce her Angevin cla ims.
_FA4 PLAC Did so as Henry owed her significant dower rights.
_FA5 PLAC Louis IX sets aside 15,000 marks he owes Henry to take her case to arbitration.
_FA6 PLAC She then signed as heir to King John her renunciation of her Angevin lands.
_FA7 DATE Aug 1265 PLAC Aft her husbands defeat, she refused to yield Dover Castle to Princ e Edward. _FA8 PLAC Smuggled sons Amaury & Richard to safety in France.
_FA9 DATE 18 Oct 1265 PLAC She surrendered Dover to Edward due to treachery within & siege wi thout. _FA10 PLAC Henry III (her brother) exiled her to France. She & daghter leave 28 Oct.
_FA11 PLAC Henry also refused her permission to see her wounded son Guyere she left.
_FA12 PLAC Sole executor of her husband Montfort's estate & will.
_FA13 PLAC Became a nun upon Montfort's death at Montargis Abbey, France.
_MDCL Blonde, blue eyes. Dropsy.REF: " Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: After Evesham, E leanor retired to a covent at Montargis Abbey which Simon's elder sister had founded. The Ab bey is south of Paris. While there, she won the sympathy & support of Louis & Marguerite, muc h to Henry & Eleanor's (Eleanor Berenger, Henry's wife, was Marguerite Berenger, Louis's wife 's sister) chagrin. Louis & Marguerite requested Henry to restore Eleanor's dower rights to h er Pembroke estates, but Henry remained obdurate. Louis's welcome extended to her sons & daug hter too. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd also extended the alliance he made with Simon to her & Simon' s sons & offered herself & her family refuge in Wales. In May 1266, both her sons Guy & Bra n were reunited with her & her daughter at Montargis. Guy had escaped from Dover Castle (h e had been severely wounded at Evesham, then kept in close confinement), where sentiment ra n very strongly in favor of Earl Simon.

Born ‎ May 1198 at Of, Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales, died ‎ Apr 11, 1222 at Sp‎, 23 years, buried ‎ Apr 15, 1231 at Temple Church, London, Middlesex, England, ‎1st marriage to: Alice De Bthune, ‎2nd marriage to: Eleanor Plantagenet, Princess Of ENGLAND
[316552.ftw]

TITL University of Hull Royal Database (England) AUTH Brian Tompsett, Dept of Computer S cience
PUBL copyright 1994, 1995, 1996
usually reliable but sometimes includes hypothetical lines, mythological figures, etc
WWW, University of Hull, Hull, UK HU6 7RX bct@tardis.ed.ac.uk MEDI Electronic
TEXT 5th Earl of Pembroke
TITL Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell AUTH Marlyn Lewis PUBL 08 Oct 1997 MEDI Man uscript
TEXT no title
TITL Europsche Stammtafeln (Isenburg edition) AUTH Prince Wilhelm Karl von Isenburg
PUBL Verlag von J.A. Stargardt, Marburg, pub. 1975, original 1953 selected charts in possess ion of J.H. Garner
MEDI Book PAGE Vol 3 chart 156
TITL Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy AUTH Alison Weir
PUBL rev. ed, Pimlico Random House, London 1989, 1996 MEDI Book PAGE p 70
TEXT b ca 1190
TEXT d 1231 no place
TEXT 2nd Earl of Pembroke
_FA1 PLAC Acceded: 1219. 2nd Earl of Pembroke.
_FA2 PLAC Interred: 15 Apr 1231, Temple Church, London.
_FA3 PLAC Master Marshal of England.

Born ‎ 1208 at Montfort l' Amaury, Isle de France, France, died ‎ Aug 4, 1265 at Battle of Evesham, Worcestershire, England‎, 56 or 57 years
[316552.ftw]

See Historical Document.

TITL Falls the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine Books, New York,
1988\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:Library of J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:TITL Wilson, Alan B. \0=\0:good\0=
\0:REPO\0=\0:soc.genealogy.medieval contributer, abwilson@uclink2.berkeley.edu (Alan
B. Wilson)\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Electronic\0=\0:TITL Ahnentafel for Margery Arundell\0=\0:AUT H Ma
rlyn Lewis\0=\0:PUBL 08 Oct 1997\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Manuscript\0=\0:DATA\0=\0:TEX T 2nd Earl o
f Leicester\0=\0:TITL The Plantagenet Ancestry\0=\0:AUTH W.H. Turton\0=\0:PUBL Genealogical
Publishing Comp, Baltimore, 1928 (reproduced 1993)\0=\0:Being Tables Showing Over 7,
000 of the Ancestors of Elizabeth (Daughter of Edward IV and Wife of Henry VII)
The Heiress of the Plantagenets, with Preface, Lists, Notes and a Complete Index
.\0=\0:poor\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:PAGE p 224\0=\0:TITL Bri tain's Royal Fa
milies: The Complete Genealogy\0=\0:AUTH Alison Weir\0=\0:PUBL rev. ed, Pimlico Random H
ouse, London 1989, 1996\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:PAGE p 70\0 =\0:DATA\0=\0:T
EXT no parents\0=\0:TITL Falls the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine B
ooks, New York, 1988\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:Library of J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:DATA \0=\0:TEXT
Has mother as Alice de Montmorency.\0=\0:TITL Wilson, Alan B.\0=\0:good\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:soc.ge nea
logy.medieval contributer, abwilson@uclink2.berkeley.edu (Alan B. Wilson)\0=\0:CALN
\0=\0:MEDI Electronic\0=\0:DATA\0=\0:TEXT b 1208/1209\0=\0:TITL Ahnentafel for Margery Arunde ll\0=
\0:AUTH Marlyn Lewis\0=\0:PUBL 08 Oct 1997\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Manuscript\0=\0:DATA \0=\0:TEXT b
1200\0=\0:TITL The Plantagenet Ancestry\0=\0:AUTH W.H. Turton\0=\0:PUBL Genealogical Publish
ing Comp, Baltimore, 1928 (reproduced 1993)\0=\0:Being Tables Showing Over 7,000 of
the Ancestors of Elizabeth (Daughter of Edward IV and Wife of Henry VII) The Hei
ress of the Plantagenets, with Preface, Lists, Notes and a Complete Index.\0=\0:poor
\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:PAGE p 224\0=\0:DATA\0=\0:TEXT b 12 00\0=\0:TITL Britai
n's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy\0=\0:AUTH Alison Weir\0=\0:PUBL rev. ed, Piml
ico Random House, London 1989, 1996\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0 :PAGE p
70\0=\0:DATA\0=\0:TEXT b 1208, no place\0=\0:TITL Wilson, Alan B.\0=\0:good\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:s oc.genealog
y.medieval contributer, abwilson@uclink2.berkeley.edu (Alan B. Wilson)\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:M
EDI Electronic\0=\0:TITL Falls the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine B
ooks, New York, 1988\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:Library of J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:TIT L Ahnent
afel for Margery Arundell\0=\0:AUTH Marlyn Lewis\0=\0:PUBL 08 Oct 1997\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:CALN\0= \0:MEDI
Manuscript\0=\0:TITL The Plantagenet Ancestry\0=\0:AUTH W.H. Turton\0=\0:PUBL Genealogical
Publishing Comp, Baltimore, 1928 (reproduced 1993)\0=\0:Being Tables Showing Over 7,
000 of the Ancestors of Elizabeth (Daughter of Edward IV and Wife of Henry VII)
The Heiress of the Plantagenets, with Preface, Lists, Notes and a Complete Index
.\0=\0:poor\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:PAGE p 224\0=\0:TITL Bri tain's Royal Fa
milies: The Complete Genealogy\0=\0:AUTH Alison Weir\0=\0:PUBL rev. ed, Pimlico Random H
ouse, London 1989, 1996\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:PAGE p 70\0 =\0:_FA1\0=\0:P
LAC Leader of the baronial opposition to Henry III.\0=\0:_FA2\0=\0:PLAC Defeated Henry I
II at Lewes 14 May 1264. Marked the high point of Simon's power\0=\0:_FA3\0=\0:PLAC His
supremacy was short-lived; enemies were planned to end his regime by force.\0=\0:_F
A4\0=\0:PLAC Marchers kept postponing their departure.\0=\0:_FA5\0=\0:PLAC Earl was unable t
o enforce his orders.\0=\0:_FA6\0=\0:PLAC A number of Simon's supporters now deserted hi
m.\0=\0:_FA7\0=\0:PLAC Took Henry III & Prince Edward prisoner at Lewes.\0=\0:_FA8\0=\0:PLA C Req
uested & rec'd from cousin Ranulf de Blundeville the earldom of Leicester.\0=\0:TITL
Falls the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine Books, New York, 1988
\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:Library of J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:PAGE p 5\0=\0:_FA9\0=\0: PLAC Steward of
England. While on Crusade, offered the Governorship of Jerusalem.\0=\0:TITL Falls
the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine Books, New York, 1988\0=\0:REPO\0 =
\0:Library of J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:_FA10\0=\0:PLAC Seneschal of Gascony , Apr
1247. Greatest soldier in Christiandom of his era.\0=\0:TITL Falls the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH
Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine Books, New York, 1988\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:Library of J.H.
Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:_FA11\0=\0:PLAC Known for brutal but efficient governor shi
p of Gascony.\0=\0:TITL Falls the Shadow\0=\0:AUTH Sharon Kay Penman\0=\0:PUBL Ballantine Bo
oks, New York, 1988\0=\0:REPO\0=\0:Library of J.H. Garner\0=\0:CALN\0=\0:MEDI Book\0=\0:_FA12 \0=\0:PLAC
Moralist, asthetic, intelligent, suffered fools poorly.\0=\0:_FA13\0=\0:PLAC A figure of
great controversy among historians even after 750 years.\0=\0:_MDCL Grey eyes.Micha
el Altschul, *A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217-1314, Balt
imore MD (Johns Hopkins Press) 1965. p 104, 107-108:\0=\0:"The victory at Lewes [ove
r Henry III, 14 May 1264] marked the high point of Simon de Montfort's fortunes.
(P) Simon's supremacy was short-lived. Simon's enemies were more determined th
an ever to end his regime by force. The marchers continually postponed their de
parture on various pretexts, and the earl was unable to enforce his orders. Mor
e ominously, a number of Simon's supporters now deserted him, including the Earl
of Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare. From same, p 108-110: "Simon [de Montfort] to
ok [Lord] Edward and Henry [III] with him to the west, and encamped at Hereford
until May 24 [1265]. Attempted negotiations proved fruitless, for Gilbert had al
ready worked out a plan with Edward and Roger Mortimer which would seal Simon's
fate. On May 28, with the assistance of Thomas de Clare, Earl Gilbert's younger
brother, Edward managed an escape. He joined forces with [Roger] Mortimer at W
igmore, and the next day Gilbert joined them in Ludlow. Wykes, perhaps the best
informed chronicler of this period, records an important set of cnditions that
Earl Gilbert demanded as the price of his support. The earl made Edward swear a
solemn oath that, if victorious, he would cause the "good old laws" of the real
m to be observed' evil customs would be abolished, aliens banished from the king
's council and administration; and the king would rule with the counsel of his f
aithful subjects. If Wykes' account of the oath is substantially correct, it cl
early shows that Gilbert remained firmly attracted to the principles of the Prov
isions [of Oxford (1258) and Westminster (1259), granted to the barons by Henry
III but not much adhered to], however vaguely envisioned & conventionally expres
sed, and to the xenophobia which the movement\0=\0:engendered. If he withdrew his s
upport from Simon, it was not because he\0=\0:was willing, like his father Earl Rich
ard in 1260, to repudiate the Provisions, but because he felt that Simon did not
distinguish between the baronial ideals and his personal ambition. The cause o
f reform, in short, was not the exclusive prerogative of the earl of Leicester.
(P) The military operations are quickly told. Under the leadership of Edward a
nd Earl Gilbert, the royalists gathered at Gloucester, cutting off Simon's retre
at across the Severn at that point. Boldly making his way into the march, Simon
renewed his alliance with Llywelyn in the middle of June. He then went through
Monmouth to the borough of Newport in the Clare lordship of Gwynllwg and attemp
ted to cross over to Bristol, but this plan was foiled when Earl Gilbert destroy
ed the convoy sent for that purpose. Simon managed to return to Hereford, and t
ried to join forces with an army led by his son. Edward and Gilbert, however, s
urprised the younger Simon at Kenilworth in Warwick on August 1, routed his forc
es, and immediately doubled back to intercept Earl Simon. The earl reached the
Worcester manor of Evesham on August 3, but was surrounded by the royalists. Th
e next day battle [of Evesham] was joined. As Simon advanced on a troop led by
Roger Mortimer, Earl Gilbert, who commanded the second line, suddenly attacked f
rom the rear. The outcome was less a battle than a slaughter. The only importa
nt marcher who fought with Simon, Humphrey de Bohun the younger, was captured an
d imprisoned at Beeston castle in Cheshire, where he died on October 27. Two oth
er men with marcher affiliations, Henry de Hastings and John fitz John, were als
o imprisoned. Otherwise the royalists showed no mercy. Simon de Montfort, his
son Henry, his loyal friend Peter de Montfort the elder, the justiciar Hugh Desp
enser and many others were slain. King Henry himself was rescued by Roger Leybu
rn. The Montfortian experiment was ended. (P) The death of Simon de Montfort d
id not produce peace. The ferocity with which the royalists had crushed their e
nemies carried over into a period of widespread seizures of rebel lands and indi
scriminate plundering which produced further turmoil and unrest. In addition, t
he territorial policy adopted by the restored royal government provoked those su
pporters of Earl Simon still at large into guerilla operations which turned into
full-scale warfare and prevented a final pacification of the kingdom until the
end of 1267. In this period the actions of Gilbert de Clare again proved decisi
ve. His support for the disinherited rebels was a major factor in the establish
ment of internal order following the two years of continued civil strife which c
onstituted the aftermath of the battle of Evesham."\0=\0:REF: Penman, Sharon Kay "Fa
lls the Shadow": One of the fully armored Lords demanding reforms of Henry III
at Westminster, 30 April 1258, to which Henry reluctantly agreed. In July 1258,
he stirs the Aldermen of London up about his "Oxford Provisions", the provision
s the barons passed at the Oxford Parliament convened at Oxford June 11 1258 wit
hout benefit of Henry's presence (who was purposely staying in France so that th
ey could not meet). Simon then suggested Parliamant meet without Henry, to the
indignant outrage of formerly fellow disenchanted baron Hugh le Bigod. Prince E
dward met with the barons & allowed them to convene Parliamant (causing Henry to
for a short time believe Edward was in league with de Montfort). Simon's conti
nued support & popularity with Londoners enraged Henry, who might have been thin
king how their lack of support for his father King John had forced John into the
Magna Charta. After Richard of Cornwall mediated the dispute between Henry & h
is son Prince Edward, Edward in April 1260 broke off all (before this point, fri
endly & respectful) relations with his uncle Simon de Montfort. Simon realizes E
dward never intended to live by the Oxford Provisions in the first place. After
Henry reconciled with Prince Edward through the mediation of Richard of Cornwal
l (Henry thought Edward was plotting with Simon de Montfort), Henry attempted to
try de Montfort on charges of perjery & "lesse-majeste". The Barons on the Kin
g's Council baulked & Louis IX was dismayed by Henry's bad faith, & sent the Arc
hbishop of Rouen to defend de Montfort, Henry backed off. In June 1261 Henry b
orrows from his father John's tricks & gets the Pope to annul the Oxford Provisi
ons, even as John did with the Magna Charta. The Barons nearly revolt over this
, with even Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, siding with de Montfort. Later
, de Clare defects from de Montfort & comes to a "private understanding" with He
nry & de Montfort's "common enterprise" unravels. Simon withdraws to France. I
n July 1262, Henry follows de Montfort into France & tries to have him arraigned
before the French King, Louis IX, but the attempt fails. Simon returned to Engl
and April 1263, which most felt meant a precursor to war. May 1263 the de Montf
ort supporters meet & vow all are enemies who do not support the Provisions sav
e the King & his family. Henry held fast, the barons' discontent flared into vi
olence & Simon's supporter the Earl of Derby sacked the town of Worcester & burn
ed the Jewry. May 1263 the young Earl of Gloucester led an Army west & captured
the Bishop of Hereford, the most hated of the foreign advisors to Henry III then
left after the expulsion of the de Lusignans. He threw the Bishop into prison,
laid siege to the royal castle at Gloucester, where de Montfort assumed command
. The army then went north to Bridgenorth, where they coordinated their attack
with Llywelyn ap Gruffydd; the twon & castle surrendered. de Montfort then head
ed south for London, where a panicked Henry took refuge in the Tower. In June 12
63 Prince Edward's foreign Flemish troops burned Bristol; the populace rose up &
besieged him & his army in the castle. The Bishop of Worcester, Walter de Cant
elou placated the townsfolk by taking Edward's pladge to make peace with de Mont
fort & the barons (which Edward had no intention of honoring his pledge). In Oc
tober 1263 Richard Duke of Cornwall (Henry's brother) son Henry of Almaine defec
ted to Montfort. Simon received a triumphal entry into London July 1263 & Henry
capitulated at the Tower of London on July 13, 1263. In October 1263, John de W
arenne, Earl of Warren & Surrey, deserted Simon & goes back to Prince Edward. In
Dec. 1263, Simon, vastly outnumbered, almost trapped between the forces of Prin
ce Edward coming from the south & those of King Henry at Southwark (due to treac
hery, wealthy merchants of London bribe guards at drawbridge to not lower it) bu
t general populace of London come to his rescue, lower drawbridge & he is able t
o escape across the river into London. The plan to trap him was clever & due to
the machinations of the diabolical Edward, not to Henry, who was a poor soldier
& strategian. In October 1263 Henry, Edward & Simon asked Louis IX the King of
France to mediate their dispute; Louis agreed in December 1263 & asked all part
ies to meet at Ameins on January 8, 1264. On the way, in December 1263, Simon f
ell from his horse & broke his leg, therefor Peter de Monfort &Simon's son Henry
de Montfort went to Amiens in Simon's stead. Louis found in favor of Henry on a
ll accounts & annulled the Oxford Provisions completely & totally while upholdin
g the Runnymeade Charter (Magna Charta). It is thought Louis reacted as a King
rather than as a judge, & since the barons stipulated that all foreigners were t
o cease as Henry's councillors, & said foreigners were mostly French, ergo he fe
lt threatened. Louis was not to give judgement on the validity of the Oxford Pro
visions, if that had been known up front, de Montfort would never have agreed to
arbitration. As such, Simon felt Louis, supposedly a man of "honor", had betray
ed him. March 1264 Simon's sons Henry & Bran de Montfort trap Prince Edward at
Gloucester Castle, but Edward solemnly avows to Henry (they were extremely close
, growing up together) that if Henry grants him a truce he will work with King H
enry & Richard of Cornwall to arrange a truce & avoid war. Henry de Montfort wa
s in command, & believes him. Edward was lying through his teeth. As soon as He
nry & Bran de Montfort's army were out of sight, Edward saiezed the town & impos
ed harsh fines & penalties. March 18, 1264 Louis IX of France arranges a truce a
s he was appalled at Christians fighting each other. Simon's supporters state t
hey will abide by Mise of Amiens if Henry will banish aliens from his service.
Henry refuses. March 31, 1264 Londoners riot, burn townhouses of the hated Will
iam de Lusignan, also prominent Royalist Lord Philip Basset, also Richard of Cor
nwall's Westminster manor, & his beloved Isleworth manor 7 miles away. Richard
overnight goes from trying to mediate a solution to, like Edward, ardently desir
ing a battlefield confrontation. On April 3, 1264 King Henry leads his Red Drag
on Standard & Army for Northampton, where most of Simon's forces are. April 4,
1264 they arrive at Northampton & confer with Edward for a strategy session, tho
se present included Philip Basset (whose son-in-law Sir Hugh le Despenser was an
ally of Simon's), Humphrey de Bohun V the Earl of Hereford whose son Humphrey d
e Bohun VI was with Simon, Hugh le Bigod there & his step son Baldwin Wake was w
ith Simon. Daffydd ap Gruffydd also there. April 5, 1264 Sir Peter de Montfort
(no relation to Simon) & Simon's son Henry commanded the defense of Northampton.
Simon was in London, & could not reach the battle in time. Bran leads defense
of St. Andrew's Priory within the town & fights with suicidal bravery. The wal
ls had been undermined by the Prior who was secretly in league with Prince Edwar
d, & Bran was captured by some common soldiers. At that point William de Lusign
an & Ralph de Mortimer rode up. Bran had just before taken part in the looting
of de Mortimer's lands in Radnorshire. de Lusignan ordered his nephew Bran kill
ed on the spot, but Dafydd ap Gruffydd rode up & intervened telling them Edward
would be displeased to see his cousin Bran killed. de Lusignan attempts to argu
e but Philip Basset (who commanded the attackers) then rode up & commanded Bran
be taken to Edward, and not to be escorted by de Lusignan or de Mortimer, as the
y would arrange an "accident" for Bran. Bran congratulated for his gallant brav
ery by Edward & then sent to King Henry who moves him to Windsor Castle. The de
feat at Northampton crippled Simon's forces. Northampton defenses had been allo
wed to decay in the years previous to de Montfort's occupation there, plus the b
attle was lost due to the treachery of the Prior at St. Andrew's. After the defe
at, Edward allowed his army to have their sport on the town, culminating in utte
r destruction, rapine, murder, etc. of its inhabitants. Some 80 barons & knights
were taken prisoner & the rebel army was gutted. The defeat touched off a riot
in London on Apr 9, 1264 in which hundreds, mainly Jews, were slain. Sir Hugh
le Despenser, Simon's Justicialar & Thomas FitzThomas, Mayor of London, attempte
d to control the crowds & saved some lives by offering sanctuary in the Tower.
FitzThomas then begged Simon to return to London to quell the Londoners' fear.
In May 1264 Edward looted lands of Robert de Ferrers, the Earl of Derby, after h
e lost Tutbury Castle, Derby defected from Simon's support. King Henry meanwhil
e took Leicester & Nottingham. Simon & Gilbert de Clare attacked Rochester Cast
le (which surrendered) & besieged the twon when Edward approached London so Simo
n went back to defend it. King Henry & Edward were practicing fierce cruelty by
chopping off the nads & feet of all common soldiers captured from de Montfort's
army. The Cinque Ports & Dover Castle held fast for Simon, & did not obey Henr
y & Edward's command for a naval force to attack London. Thwarted, Edward takes
Gilbert de Clare's Tonbridge Castle. Simon continues to hold London, but is su
rrounded by Edward & Henry. In May 1264, the Bishop of Chichester tried to convi
nce Henry III to negotiate, but he refused. The Bishops of London & Worcester (
Walter de Cantelou) try to do the same on the eve of the Battle of Lewes; again
Henry refuses. At Lewes, Montfort was outnumbered 2:1; Royalist forces numbered
some 10,000. Montfort introduced a new strategy to warfare; he established a r
eserve command to be commanded by himself, plus he intoduced the concept of the
night march. He was thought to be miles away by the Royalist forces on the eve
of the battle, but he & his army undertook a night march to focre the battle on
May 14, 1264. Henry was utterly taken by surprise, & his garrison lodged at the
Priory were in some confusion; however, Edward, who garrisoned his men at Lewes
Castle, was able to meet the rebel left flank of greenhorn & untrained Londoner
s under the command of Nicholas de Segrave. Edward routed them with no care for
the "rules" of war in that he & his knights undertook a pursuit miles away from
the battle only to slay every man they could find. This was thought caused by
the Londoner's steadfast support for Monfort and their animosity toward Henry &
especially Edward's mother Queen Eleanor (including the London mob's attack on h
er barge July 1263). From these beginnings Edward had a lifelong hatred for Lon
doners. On the eve of the Battle of Lewes, 14 May 1264, after Henry had refused
the entreaty of the Bishops of London & Worcester (Walter de Cantelou) to negot
iate, Simon formally renounced all allegiance to Henry, & was followed by his me
n. including Gilbert de Clare, Hugh le Despenser, Humfrey de Bohun VI "the Young
er", John Giffard, Sir John FitzJohn, Nicholas de Segrave, & Robert de Vere. Cl
are & Vere had the most to lose of any rebel supporters. At the battle itself,
the left flank of green & hastily trained but no battle-experience Londoners was
under the command of Nicholas de Segrave with 2nd an inexperienced John Giffard
; the right flank was commanded by Simon's sons Henry & Guy de Montfort (Bran st
ill being held in captivity at Windsor Castle by Henry) with 2nd Humphrey de Boh
un VI "the Younger", the center column was commanded by Gilbert de Clare, 2nded
by Sir John FitzJohn, with Simon himself commanding the new reserve force 2nded
by Hugh le Despenser. For the Royalists, Henry commanded the center column, Ric
hard of Cornwall commanded the left flank, & Edward commanded the vanguard. Roy
alist forces outnumbered the rebels by some 2:1 with some 10,000 men. Henry's f
orce was augmented by a Scots force sent by his son in law Alexander III the Glo
rious, King of Scotland. With Edward were Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Hugh le Bigod, He
nry Plantagenet of Almaine, Richard of Cornwall's son (& Edward's cousin & Simon
's nephew), & John de Warenne. At the time of the battle, Simon was thought to
be miles away, & still unable to ride a horse due to his broken leg. After Edwar
d had absented himself from the field so long (carrying out his vengeance on the
Londoners) Simon attacked & obliterated King Henry's force. Henry fled to the P
riory. Richard of Cornwall was captured by Gilbert de Clare. When Edward & his m
en found out, Edward was urged to flee to Pevensey Castle & from there toward Fr
ance. Edward refused to abandon his father, but the de Lusignans fled the battl
e, as did John de Warenne, Hugh le Bigod, Dafydd ap Gruddydd & over 300 knights.
Only Edward's cousin Henry of Almaine (Richard of Cornwall's son) & Edwards hou
sehold knights remained with him. Edward got through John FitzJohn's surrounding
encampment to his father in the priory, Simon then offereda 12 hour truce & acc
epted their surrender the following morning. Lewes resulted in 2700 known dead
(one of every five men). Under the Mise of Lewes, the Oxford Provisions were ag
ain reinstated as the law of the land, with an arbitration commission. Under no
circumstances could Henry appoint aliens onto his council. Henry's extravagent
spending was also to be brought under control & he to live within his means & p
ay off his enormous debts. A full amnesty was proclaimed for all rebels. No ra
nsoms were to be paid for men captured at Lewes nor earlier at Northampton. Edw
ard & Henry of Almaine surrendered themselves as hostages for their fathers' goo
d faith. Edward was held at Wallingford Castle. Henry was lodged securely at th
e palace of the Bishop of London, Bran & Peter de Montfort were released from ca
ptivity at Windsor Castle. In June 1264, Simon called a Parliament, one that inc
luded 11 Bishops, 65 Abbots, 36 Priors, five Deans, two knights from each shire
& two citizens from each town & borough (a first). Only five Earls & 18 barons
were summoned, indicating Simon's lack of support among the landed classes. The
effect of Lewes that while Henry was still King, Simon had command of the realm.
He also called for the terms of the Chivalric code to cover not only knights,
but also commoners & Jews. In October 1264, the Pope (who hated Simon & the Eng
lish Lords who had refused to succor his (the Pope's) abortive plans for Sicily)
formally excommunicated Simon, his sons Henry, Bran & Guy, Gilbert de Clare, Hu
gh le Despenser, the Mayor of London Thomas FitzThomas, & many of their supporte
rs. The Bishops of Worcester, London & Winchester refused to publish the senten
ce of anathema; the Pope laid England under Interdict Oct 21 1264, but the Engli
sh clergy continued to support Simon & services & rites of the Church continued
to be performed. After the great victory, Simon's problems with governing began
to mount. He wielded the King's authority without the right, & many began to qu
estion his motives for power. Also, an economic crises mounted as the sailors o
f the Cinque Ports had siezed all shipping in the Channel. In November 1264, son
Guy compelled Edward to halt an attack on Wallingford Castle by Edward's would-
be rescuers (kinsmen of Humphrey de Bohun V) by threatening to yield Edward to t
hem via mangonel. Also in November 1264, the Marchers Roger de Mortimer & Roger
de Clifford rebelled again. Again Llywelyn ap Gruffydd allied with him & the re
bels surrendered at Worcester Dec 12 1264. Mortimer & Clifford were exiled to I
reland for a year. Simon compelled Edward to yield to him the Earldom of Cheste
r; for the first time in 30 years Chester & Wales were again allied, as they had
been between Simon's kinsmen Ranulph de Blundeville & John le Scot with Llywely
n Fawr. Montfort called a Parliament January 1265 that allowed Edward a cursory
"freedom" still under Simon's surveillance. At this Parliament Montfort had a v
ery public clash with Gilbert de Clare; Clare withdrew to his estates on the Wel
sh Marches. Clare was harboring Marcher Lords in violation of the government exp
ulsion edict. Clare was grieved at Montfort's unilateral appointment of his son
Amaury as treasurer of York & when in late 1264 Montfort arrested the Earl of D
erby & threw him into the Tower of London for wanton lawlessness, extortion & pl
undering of his neighbors. Many lords, while not feeling sorry for Derby, felt t
his set a dangerous precedent. Lord paid for political transgressions; not crimi
nal ones. By April/May 1265, Simon & Clare had supposedly patched up a peace aga
in, but Clare was only stalling for time in order to free Prince Edward from the
custody of Henry de Montfort & Robert de Ros. Edward had again played his cous
in Henry for the fool, gradually getting Henry to trust him & allow him more fre
edom. While Clare made a visit to King Henry, Roger de Mortimer helped Edward e
scape to Wigmore castle in May 1265. In June 1265, Simon goes to Pipton, Powys t
o ask for help from Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. In exchange for his aid, Simon agreed
on behalf of the English gov't to recognize Llywelyn's title as Prince of Wales
& to ceed back all land taken from Llywelyn's uncle Dafydd ap Llywelyn Fawr. Lly
welyn agrees to furnish Simon 5000 troops & monies but will not fight for Simon
within England (only within Wales). At this time, they agree to marry Simon's d
aughter Eleanor to Llywelyn. Montfort was trapped in Wales through the summer of
1265 by the Marcher Lords & Gloucester. In July 1265 Bran de Montfort was overw
helmed & defeated by Edward; Bran was to deliver Simon fresh troops & supplies.
Bran lost because of improper fortifications & he encamped his army outside Sim
on's impregnible Kenilworth castle instead of in it. Edward borrowed from Simon
's book in that he surprised Bran with a forced night march & covered 30 miles t
o force tha battle at dawn. On 04 Aug 1265, Simon gave in to King Henry's demand
to stop at Evesham Abbey for food & Mass; Edward trapped him there by flying fa
lse colors (those of Bran & Robert de Vere of Oxford). As Edward advanced, the f
orces of Roger de Mortimer came in from the other side, & Montfort's forces were
trapped in an untenable & undefensible battle. The Royalists outnumbered the re
bels 2:1. At Evesham, rebel dead numbered 180 knights, 220 squires, 2000 men at
arms, and several thousand Welsh (who deserted the battlefield ere it began but
were run down in the surrounding countryside & methodically slaughtered by Roge
r de Mortimer's forces). Simon died heroically fending off many swordsmen next
to a small spring on the battlefield until someone ran up behind him & stabbed h
im in the small of the back with a dagger. After his death, Wm. Maltravers, a b
order Marcher, cut off his head & impaled it on a spike. Edward's men chopped o
ff Simon's limbs & privates & threw his body to the dogs. This savagery was ext
ended to all the fallen; knights etc. were hacked into bits after their deaths.
de Mortimer sent the head as a trophy to his wife at Wigmore Castle. Henry de
Montfort recieved an honorable funeral at the behest of his cousin Prince Edward
. The monks of Evesham Abbey clandestinely retrieved Simon's much mutilated bod
y & buried him before the altar; his burialplace & the spring on the battle fiel
d by which he died soon became a local shrine to country folk, including some fr
om as far