man Alfred 'The Great' Of England King Wessex (871-899) , King Wessex (871-899)‏‎, son of Aethelwulf Of England King of England (839-856) , King of England (839-856) and Osburga Of Isle Of Wight‏.
Born ‎± 848 at Wantage,Berkshire,England, died ‎ Oct 26, 901 at Winchester,Hampshire,England‎, approximately 53 years, buried ‎ at Hyde Abbey,Winchester Cathedral,London,England
Alfred the Great is probably the most famous of all of the Anglo-Saxon kings. Much of his fame is based on legend, not historic fact. However, based solely on the facts known to us today, he still ranks as one of the most important early kings of the British Isle. He is the only English King to be known as 'The Great'.
The Vikings, or Danes, had invaded England in 793. They controlled East Anglia, Northumbria and Mercia and they were moving to take control of Wessex. Alfred defeated the invading Danes at the battle of Edlington in 878; however, allowed the Danes to keep the territories they had previously won in Mercia and East Anglia provided that Guthrum, King of Denmark, converted to Christianity (Treaty of Wedmore). The dividing line between English and Danish territory was roughly a line running northwest from London to Chester; Alfred ruled south of this line and was recognized as overlord of the area to the north that became known as the Danelaw.
King Alfred built a Navy to defend the coasts against further Danish invasions; he protected Wessex by building a chain of fortified towns called 'burghs'. These towns were located such that no one lived more than twenty miles from one of them (there were 30 of these burghs manned by about 900 military men for a total defensive army of 27,000).
In 886 he took control of London thus gaining control of all of England except for that portion controlled by the Danes, yet was recognized as King of all England by both the Saxons and the Danes.
Alfred reformed and codified Saxon law. Being well-educated himself, he promoted a revival in learning, and instigated the compilation of the famous ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE, a 1,200-year history of the people of England from before Julius Caesar's invasion of the British Isles in 55 BC.
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Youngest son of King ¥thelwulf, Alfred became King of Wessex during a time of constant Viking attack. He was driven into hiding by a Viking raid into Wessex, led by the Dane, Guthorm, and took refuge in the Athelney marshes in Somerset. There, he recovered sufficient strength to be able to defeat the Danes decisively at the battle of Eddington. As a condition of the peace treaty which followed, Guthorm received Christian baptism and withdrew his forces from Wessex, with Alfred recognizing the Danish control over East Anglia and parts of Mercia. This partition of England, called the "Danelaw", was formalized by another treaty in 886.

Alfred created a series of fortifications whose purpose was to surround his kingdom and provide needed security from invasion. The Anglo-Saxon word for these forts, "burhs", has come down to us in the common place-name suffix, "bury." He also constructed a fleet of ships to augment his other defenses, and in the doing became known as the "Father of the English Navy." The reign of Alfred was known for more than military success. He was a codifier of law, a promoter of education and a supporter of the arts. He, himself, was a scholar and translated Latin books into the Anglo-Saxon tongue. The definitive contemporary work on Alfred's life is an unfinished account in Latin by Asser, a Welshman, bishop of Sherbourne and Alfred's counselor. After his death, he was buried in his capital city of Winchester, and is the only English monarch in history to carry the title, "the Great."
Source:
www.britannia.com[26264.ftw]

Alfred,
Alfred the Great
Corbis-Bettmann

also spelled AELFRED, byname ALFRED THE GREAT (b. 849--d. 899), king of Wessex (871-899), a S axon kingdom in southwestern England. He prevented England from falling to the Danes and promoted learning and literacy. Compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign, c . 890.(see also Index: Denmark)
When he was born, it must have seemed unlikely that Alfred would become king, since he had four older brothers; he said that he never desired royal power. Perhaps a scholar's life would have contented him. His mother early aroused his interest in English poetry, and from his boyhood he also hankered after Latin learning, possibly stimulated by visits to Rome in 853 and 855 . It is possible also that he was aware of and admired the great Frankish king Charlemagne, who had at the beginning of the century revived learning in his realm. Alfred had no opportunity to acquire the education he sought, however, until much later in life.

He probably received the education in military arts normal for a young man of rank. He first appeared on active service in 868, when he and his brother, King Aethelred (Ethelred) I, went to help Burgred of Mercia (the kingdom between the Thames and the Humber) against a great Danish army that had landed in East Anglia in 865 and taken possession of Northumbriain 867. The Danes refused to give battle, and peace was made. In this year Alfred married Ealhswith, descend ed through her mother from Mercian kings. Late in 871, the Danes invaded Wessex, and Aethelred and Alfred fought several battles with them. Aethelred died in 871 and Alfred succeeded him . After an unsuccessful battle at Wilton he made peace. It was probably the quality of the West Saxon resistance that discouraged Danish attacks for five years.

In 876 the Danes again advanced on Wessex: they retired in 877 having accomplished little, but a surprise attack in January 878 came near to success. The Danes established themselves at Chippenham, and the West Saxons submitted "except King Alfred." He harassed the Danes from a fort in the Somerset marshes, and until seven weeks after Easter he secretly assembled an army, which defeated them at the Battle of Edington. They surrendered, and their king, Guthrum, was baptized, Alfred standing as sponsor; the following year they settled in East Anglia.

Wessex was never again in such danger. Alfred had a respite from fighting until 885, when he repelled an invasion of Kent by a Danish army, supported by the East Anglian Danes. In 886 he took the offensive and captured London, a success that brought all the English not under Danish rule to accept him as king. The possession of London also made possible the reconquest of the Danish territories in his son's reign, and Alfred may have been preparing for this, though he could make no further advance himself. He had to meet a serious attack by a large Danish force from the European continent in 892, and it was not until 896 that it gave up the struggle.

The failure of the Danes to make any more advances against Alfred was largely a result of the defensive measures he undertook during the war. Old forts were strengthened and new ones built at strategic sites, and arrangements were made for their continual manning. Alfred reorganized his army and used ships against the invaders as early as 875. Later he had larger ships built to his own design for use against the coastal raids that continued even after 896. Wise diplomacy also helped Alfred's defense. He maintained friendly relations with Mercia and Wales; Welsh rulers sought his support and supplied some troops for his army in 893.

Alfred succeeded in government as well as at war. He was a wise administrator, organizing his finances and the service due from his thanes (noble followers). He scrutinized the administration of justice and took steps to ensure the protection of the weak from oppression by ignorant or corrupt judges. He promulgated an important code of laws, after studying the principles of lawgiving in the Book of Exodus and the codes of Aethelbert of Kent, Ine of Wessex (688-694) , and Offa of Mercia(757-796), again with special attention to the protection of the weak and dependent. While avoiding unnecessary changes in custom, he limited the practice of the blood feud and imposed heavy penalties for breach of oath or pledge.

Alfred is most exceptional, however, not for his generalship or his administration but for his attitude toward learning. He shared the contemporary view that Viking raids were a divine punishment for the people's sins, and he attributed these to the decline of learning, for only through learning could men acquire wisdom and live in accordance with God's will. Hence, in the lull from attack between 878 and 885, he invited scholars to his court from Mercia, Wales, and the European continent. He learned Latin himself and began to translate Latin books into English in 887. He directed that all young freemen of adequate means must learn to read English, and, by his own translations and those of his helpers, he made available English versions of "those books most necessary for all men to know," books that would lead them to wisdom and virtue. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, by the English historian Bede, and the Seven Books of Histories Against the Pagans, by Paulus Orosius, a 5th-century theologian--neither of which was translated by Alfred himself, though they have been credited to him--revealed the divine purpose in history. Alfred's translation of the Pastoral Care of St. Gregory I, the great 6th-century pope, provided a manual for priests in the instruction of their flocks, and a translation by Bishop Werferthof Gregory's Dialogues supplied edifying reading on holy men. Alfred's rendering of the Soliloquies of the 5th-century theologian St. Augustine of Hippo, to which he added material from other works of the Fathers of the Church, discussed problems concerning faith and reason and the nature of eternal life. This translation deserves to be studied in its own right, as does his rendering of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy. In considering what is true happiness and the relation of providence to faith and of predestination to free will, Alfred does not fully accept Boethius' position but depends more on the early Fathers. In both works, additions include parallels from contemporary conditions, sometimes revealing his views on the social order and the duties of kingship. Alfred wrote for the benefit of his people, but he was also deeply interested in theological problems for their own sake and commissioned the first of the translations, Gregory's Dialogues, "that in the midst of earthly troubles he might sometimes think of heavenly things." He may also have done a translation of the first 50 psalms. Though not Alfred's work, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, one of the greatest sources of information about Saxon England, which began to be circulated about 890, may have its origin in the intellectual interests awakened by the revival of learning under him. Hi s reign also saw activity in building and in art, and foreign craftsmen were attracted to his court. (see also Index:"Pastoral Care," )

In one of his endeavors, however, Alfred had little success; he tried to revive monasticism, founding a monastery and a nunnery, but there was little enthusiasm in England for the monastic life until after the revivals on the European continent in the next century.

Alfred, alone of Anglo-Saxon kings, inspired a full-length biography, written in 893, by the Welsh scholar Asser. This work contains much valuable information, and it reveals that Alfred l aboured throughout under the burden of recurrent, painful illness; and beneath Asser's rhetoric can be seen a man of attractive character, full of compassion,able to inspire affection, and intensely conscious of the responsibilities of kingly office. This picture is confirmed by Alfred's laws and writings.

Alfred was never forgotten: his memory lived on through the Middle Ages and in legend as that of a king who won victory in apparently hopeless circumstances and as a wise lawgiver. Some of his works were copied as late as the 12th century. Modern studies have increased knowledge of him but have not altered in its essentials the medieval conception of a great king. ( D.W. )


BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (trans. and eds.), Alfred the Great:Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources (1983),provides much information about the reign and the personality of the king. Eleanor Shipley Duckett, Alfred the Great (1956, reissued 1970;also published as Alfred the Great and His England, 1957), is an accessible biography. Allen J. Frantzen, King Alfred (1986), studies Alfred's literary work and includes a brief biography. Other sources on the period include F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (1971,reprinted 199 0); G.N. Garmonsway (trans. and ed.), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, new ed. (1972, reissued 1994) ; and Dorothy Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents, c. 500-1042, 2nd ed. (1979).



Copyright 1994-1999 Encyclopµdia Britannica

Married ‎± 868 (approximately 33 years married) to:

woman Ealhswith (Aethelswitha) Of Mercia‏‎, daughter of Aethelred 'The Great' Of Mercia Ealdorman of the Gainas , Ealdorman of the Gainas and Eadburga (Eadburh) Of Mercia‏.
Born ‎± 852 at Mercia,England, died ‎ Dec 5, 904 at St. Mary's Abbey,Winchester,Dorset,England‎, approximately 52 years, buried ‎ at Winchester Cathedral,London,England

Children:

1.
woman Aethelflaed Of Mercia Lady of Mercia , Lady of Mercia‏
Born ‎± 885 at Wessex,England, died ‎ Jun 12, 918 at St. Peters,Gloucestershire,England‎, approximately 33 years
2.
woman Aefthryth (Elfrida) Of Wessex‏
Born ‎± 877 at Wessex,England, died ‎ Jun 7, 929‎, approximately 52 years
3.
man Edward I 'The Elder' Of England King Of England(899-924) , King Of England(899-924)‏
Born ‎between 871 and 875 at Wessex,England, died ‎ Jul 17, 924 at Farndon-on-Dee (Ferrington),Cheshire,England‎, buried ‎ at Winchester Cathedral,London,England
4.
man Aethelweard‏‎
Born ‎± 880 at Wessex,England, died ‎ Oct 16, 922‎, approximately 42 years
5.
man Edmund‏‎
Born ‎± 870 at Wessex,England‎
6.
woman Aethelgeofu Of Shaftesbury Abbess Of Shaftesbury , Abbess Of Shaftesbury‏‎
Born ‎± 875 at Wessex,England‎