 Griffith ap Llywelyn Aberffraw, son of Llewellyn Fawr ap Iorwerth, Prince of Wales and Tangwystl v. Llywarch.Born ± ABT. 1190 at Gwynedd, Wales, died Apr 11, 1244 at White Tower, London; died from a fall, attempting to escape, approximately 54 years Married at Gwynedd, Wales to:  Senana v. Caradog, daughter of Caradog ap Tomas and Efa v. Gwyn ap Griffith ap Beli.Born ± ABT. 1190 at of Isle of Man; 3, died at of Gwynedd, Wales ID: I24286 Name: Senana verch CARADOG Surname: Caradog Given Name: Senana verch Sex: F Birth: ABT 1190 in of Isle of Man Death: in of Gwynedd,Wales Reference Number: 3 _UID: DE958901242FF349BA912690977994E8193C Note: m. Gruffudd ap Llywelyn; descendant of Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd. [A History of Wales, p. 139] WAITE LINE Bartrum's Welsh Genealogies refers to Senena as "f. Caradog p. 13" so she was the daughter of Caradog. Some say she was also Gruffudd's cousin. [Susan Hammond] 1 Change Date: 19 Mar 2003 at 17:13:04 Father: Caradog ap TOMAS b: ABT 1160 in Wales Mother: Efa ferch GWYN AP GRUFFUDD AP BELI b: ABT 1165 in Wales Marriage 1 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ABERFFRAW Prince b: ABT 1190 in Gwynedd,Wales Married: in ,,Gwynedd,Wales Children Owain ap Gruffudd ABERFFRAW b: ABT 1220 in ,,Gwynedd,Wales Llewellyn II ap GRUFFUDD Prince of Wales b: ABT 1210 in Gwynedd,North Wales David III ap GRUFFYDD OF ABERFFRAW Prince of Wales b: ABT 1220/1230 in Gwynedd,Wales Rhodri ap Gruffudd ABERFFRAW b: ABT 1230 in ,,Gwynedd,Wales Gwladus ferch GRUFFUDD b: ABT 1230 in Wales Sources: Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: A History of Wales Author: Davies, John Publication: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, 1993 Page: p. 139 From 'Glick/Foster Ancestry' at Rootsweb.com Child: 1. Llywelyn ap Griffith, Prince of WalesBorn ± ABT. 1210 at Gwynedd, North Wales; 3, died Dec 11, 1282 at Builth, Wales, approximately 72 years, buried 1282 at Abbey of Cwm-hir, Wales Name: Llewellyn II ap GRUFFUDD Prince of Wales Surname: Gruffudd Given Name: Llewellyn II ap NSFX: Prince of Wales Sex: M Birth: ABT 1210 in Gwynedd,North Wales Death: 11 Dec 1282 in Builth,Wales 1 Burial: 1282 Abbey of Cwm-hir,Wales Reference Number: 16070398 _UID: D51484651720F74A9A42AD36E615A6E6904C Note: !Prince of North Wales. [Magna Charta Barons, p. 416] WAITE LINE !He sided with Simon de Montfort against Henry III, but later submitted to the king. In 1273, however, he refused to pay homage to the new English king, Edward I, who in 1276 invaded Wales and compelled Llewellyn to submit to humiliating terms, including the surrender of the eastern portion of his lands and the annual acknowledgment of fealty. Llewellyn rebelled in 1282, but died, and his brother David III (d. 1283), who carried on the struggle, was captured and beheaded. In 1284 Edward I completed the conquest of Wales and by the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan, it became an English principality. [Funk & Wagnalls] !Montgomery, 29 July 1267 -- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the ruler of Gwynedd, seals a treaty with Henry III. [Chronicle of the Royal Family, p. 56] !Wales, 29 Aug 1277 -- King Edward invades to force Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd to pay homage, which he has persistently refused. Wales, 11 Dec 1282 -- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd dies in battle against King Edward. [Chronicle of the Royal Family, p. 62] 2nd son of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn; father of Gwenllian. [A History of Wales, p. 82] Following his father's death in 1244, he supported his uncle Dafydd. Llewellyn was a young man who wielded considerable influence in the Perfeddwlad. King Henry III retaliated, attacking Gwynedd in a campaign of remarkable ferocity. [History, p. 143] Following Dafydd's death in 1246, the men of Gwynedd accepted Llywelyn and his eldest bro., Owain, as their rulers. Their authority was circumscribed. With Gwynedd suffering under the hammer of King Henry III's armies and with its population starving after three years of plunder, the brothers obtained an armistice and in April 1247 they appeared before the king at Woodstock. They were confirmed as lords of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy in exchange for the services of 24 knights and 100 foot soldiers. [History., p. 143] In 1255 disputes arose between the three joint rulers of Gwynedd (another bro., Dafydd, had received a share of the inheritance in 1252). Llywelyn defeated and imprisoned his two bros; he made himself sole ruler of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy and in 1256 he added the Perfeddwlad to his territories at the request of its oppressed inhabitants. In the following 2 years, Llywelyn swept through Wales. He seized Meirionnydd and established his authority over Builth and Gwrtheyrnion. Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn was driven out of Powys Wenwynwyn and Llywelyn's allies among the descendants of Rhys ap Gruffudd gained possession of Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi. In 1257, the men of Deheubarth won a victory over royal forces in the battle of Y Cymerau near Llandreilo. In the same year, Henry III led an attack upon Gwynedd, but as the campaign was mismanaged the king was unable to impeded Llywelyn's progress. Henry's failure induced Gruffudd ap Madog of Powys Fadog to abandon his attachment to the crown and to promise Llywelyn his allegiance. In 1258, it appears that representatives of the ruling houses of Powys, Deheubarth and Glamorgan acknowledged Llywelyn, not only as their leader but also as their lord. At the same time, Llywelyn made contact with those elements in Scotland who were opposing Henry III's hegemony.In his letter to the Scots, he referred to himself as prince of Wales, thus demonstrating that he intended to use the allegiance of the Welsh lords as the basis of a new polity in Wales. [History, p. 145] In 1262, with the truce crumbling, Llywelyn attacked Maelienydd, a lordship claimed by his cousin, Roger Mortimer, and in 1263 his forces marched into the lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny. Although they were defeated at the foot of the Blorenge Mountain, it was recorded that a large number of the inhabitants of the March voluntarily accepted the suzerainty of Llywelyn. In April 1262, the prince received a heavy blow when his brother, Dafydd, deserted him, but in December he won an important addition to his ranks when Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn made homage to him. Early in 1264, Llywelyn allied with Simon de Montfort, a few months before the king and the government of the realm came into the hands of Simon as a result of the battle of Lewes (May 1264). In June 1265, at Pipton near Glasbury, Simon, in the name of the crown, recognized Llywelyn as prince of Wales and as the overlord of the magnates Wallie (great men of Wales). Llywelyn was to hold his principality as a vassal of the king of England and was to pay the king the sum of 20,000 pounds. Within 6 weeks, Simon was defeated and killed at the battle of Evesham. Two years elapsed before Henry III came to terms with Llywelyn, and when he did so it was at the urging of Ottobuono, the Papal Legate. The Treaty of Montgomery confirmed the substance of what he had won through the Pipton Agreement. It was acknowledged that he was prince of Wales and that he had the right to the homage of all the Welsh lords with the exception of Maredudd ap Rhys of Dryslwyn. (He bought the rightto Maredudd's homage in 1270.) He was allowed to retain Builth, Gwrtheyrnion and Brecon and was given leave to prove his right to other Marcher Lordships, although his gains in the March were at the expense of Mortimer and Bohun, the staunchest of the supporters of the crown. Llywelyn acknowledged that he was a vassal of the king of England; he promised land to his brother, Dafydd, and yielded some of the lands he had seized on the borders of Cheshire and Shropshire. [A History, p. 146] Despite Llywelyn's confident assertion of his status, he faced formidable problems. The most complex of them arose from his own position with the house of Aberffraw. Although he was a descendant of Rhodri Mawr, Owain Gwynedd and Llywelyn the Great, he himself was the second son of a man who was the rejected offspring of an irregular union. The fact that his elder bro, Owain, was a prisoner caused concern to many in Gwynedd; as Llywelyn had denied to Owain the rights of the first-born, it was difficult for him not to acknowledge that Dafydd and Rhodri, his younger bros, had a right to a share of their patrimony. Furthermore, although the prince was approaching his 50th birthday, he had neither a wife nor an heir of his body. As the succession was so important to him, it is difficult to understand why he chose to remain unmarried for so long, although there is a suggestion that he delayed marriage until he was in a position to win a bride of royal descent. One of Llywelyn's most intractable problems was his lack of money. It is possible that he had an annual income of between 5000-6000 pounds, far more than the income of any previous Welsh ruler, but far less than his needs. Between 1267-71 he became involved in northern Glamorgan, causing Gilbert de Clare, lord of Glamorgan and the richest of the subjects of the king of England, to join the ranks of his enemies. Hywel ap Maredudd of Miskin had been one of his earliest allies; in 1269, Edward, the king's heir, recognized Llywelyn's claim to the homage of Maredudd ap Gruffudd, lord of Machen, and the attempts to secure the allegiance of Gruffudd ap Rhys of Senghennydd were a central part of the prince's policy in the SE. [A History, pp. 148-9] The year 1271, when he attacked Caerffili Castle in the company of Dafydd and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, marks the apogee of Llywelyn's power. His authority extended from Anglesey to Machen, from the outskirts of Chester to the outskirts of Cydweli. He was lord of about 3/4 of the surface area of Wales an of a somewhat lower proportion of its inhabitants. He had perhaps 200,000 subjects. [A History, p. 150] King Edward marched on Gwynedd in the spring of 1277 with an army larger than any seen in Britain since 1066. With no hope of victory, Llywelyn had little choice but to submit to the king, and the terms of the submission were agreed at Aberconwy on 9 Nov 1277. The Treaty of Aberconwy confined Llywelyn's authority to Gwynedd Uwch Conwy, although he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales and the homage of Rhys Fychan and four of the lords of Powys Fadog. [A History, p. 156-7] During the revolt of 1282-3, Llywelyn led a proportion of his army to the lordship of Builth -- a region which had always been central to his strategy -- with the intention of stiffening resistance there and possibly as the result of the deceitful suggestion of the sons of his cousin, Roger Mortimer, that that powerful family was prepared to assist him. There, on the bank of the river Irfon on 11 December 1282, he was killed by a Shropshire soldier who did not realize that he was in combat with the prince. When Llywelyn was recognized, his head was sent to London as proof of the king's success. The prince was under excommunication at the time of his death; the excommunication of Welsh insurgents was a long-standing habit of the archbishop of Canterbury. On the earnest entreaty of his cousin, Maud Giffard of Llandovery, and after assurances that he had asked for a priest in his dying moments, his trunk was buried in the holy ground of the abbey of Cwm-hir and the White Monks sang a mass for his soul. [A History, p. 160] Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales, sided with Simon de Montfort against Henry III, but later submitted to the king. In 1273, however, he refused to pay homage to the new king, Edward I, who in 1276 invaded Wales and at Rhuddlan compelled Llewellyn to submit to humiliating terms, including the surrender of the eastern portion of his lands and the annual acknowledgement of fealty. Llewellyn rose in rebellion in 1282, but perished, and his bro. David, who carried on the struggle, was captured in the following year and beheaded. In 1284 Edward I completed the conquest of the country and, by the terms of the Statute of wales, annexed it to England as a principality. [Joseph Williams' American Descendants, p. 2] In 1254 he was at war with Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn, repeating the pattern set by their grandfathers. In 1257 Llywelyn invaded Powys and Gruffydd fled across the border to an England which was also divided by civil war. In 1264 Gruffydd's protector, Henry III, was defeated at Lewes by Llywelyn's ally(and father-in-law), Simon de Montfort. With characteristic disloyalty, Gruffydd changed sides and returned to Wales to pay homage to Llywelyn. In 1274 the faithless Gruffydd was detected in a polot to murder his new ally. Llywelyn marched on Powis Castle and after a siege in which the castle was badly damaged, Gruffydd escaped to England yet again. By this time Llywelyn was overplaying his hand. On the accession of Edward I in 1272 he had refused to pay homage and in 1276 was in open rebellion. In August 1277 Edward I launched a three-pronged attach and Gruffydd of Powys joined the central army which set out from Shrewsbury under Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln. Llywelyn could not withstand such an invasion and on 9 November surrendered at Conway. The defeat of Llywelyn marked the end of united Welsh resistance until Owen Glendower's rebellion of 1400. [Powis Castle, p. 54] The end of the baronial revolt left Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as the only potential enemy of King Henry III. Prudently, Llywelyn decided to make peace, and by the Treaty of Montgoery (1267) he was recognized as 'prince of Wales', and as the feudal lord of the other Welsh princes. All native rulers were to hold their lands from him, and he alone could speak for them in their dealings with the English Marcher lords or the king. The Treaty, however, did not spell outclearly and unambiguously the extent of Llywelyn's authority. It did not in particular refer to the status of the Welsh lords of upland Glamorgan. Were they henceforth to be subject to Llywelyn as prince of Wales, or to Gilbert the Red, the ANglo-Norman lord of Glamorgan? It was in fact precisely this uncertainty which led to the building of Caerphilly Castle. [Caerphilly Castle, p. 7-8] In the last 1250s, Llywelyn had made common cause with the English barons opposing King Henry III's government style. He had recovered the Welsh district or cantref of Tegeingl (the area of much of modern Flintshire) by force from the Crown's officers in 1257, and he began to build a new castle at Ewloe. Under the Treaty of Montgomery (1267), the king acknowledged Llywelyn's title as Prince of Wales. The king was his overlord, but Llywelyn effectively ruled much of the land of Wales. On the death of Henry III in 1272, however, the new king, Edward I, proved to be much more formidable than his father had been. In July 1277, King Edward began 'combined operations' against Prince Llywelyn, setting up a fortified beachhead at Flint for the invasion of Gwynedd. Within a few months, Llywelyn's power was restricted to the heart of Snowdonia and the island of Anglesey. His period of triumph had turned to one of disaster in the space of a decade. Fiver years later, a widespread uprising against English domination was sparked off by Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd. A second royal invasion was to lead to the tragic deaths of both princes, and to the final collapse of organized Welsh resistance to the English Crown. [Flint Castle/Ewloe Castle, p. 3] In 1255 he defeated his bros. Owain (d. 1282) and Dafydd (d. 1283), in battle and set about reasserting the authority of Gwynedd. He recovered his family's manor of Ewloe as part of the cantref of Tegeingl in 1257, and he 'built a castle in the corner of the wood'; he later (1265) captured and destroyed the English castle in the area at Hawarden. [Flint Castle/Ewloe Castle, p. 6-8] It was left to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd to pursue the lengthy task of reasserting the authority of the house of Gwynedd, culminating, in 1267, in the Treaty of Montgomery and royal recognition of Llywelyn as prince of Wales. One of Llywelyn's allies in southwest Wales, Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg, having broken with Llywelyn in 1258 and sided with the English, was subsequently captured and brought to trial on 28 May 1259. Convicted of treason by his peers, he was imprisoned in Criccieth Castle until Christmas of that year, when he was released upon the forfeiture of land and having given his son as a pledge of future obedience. A letter, apparently dated 26 Feb 1274 and sent by Llywelyn to Edward I from Criccieth, indicates that the prince's itinerant court was then staying in Criccieth, presumably at the castle. [Criccieth Castle, p. 3] On Palm Sunday 1282, Llywelyn's bro. Dafydd mounted an attack on Hawarden Castle, precipitating the second war between Edward I and Llywelyn. By the end of the year Llywelyn was dead, struck down in a skirmish with English troops near Builth. [Criccieth Castle, p. 4] Between 1255, when Llywelyn became the sole ruler of Gwynedd, and his death in 1282, he enlarged Criccieth Castle by adding the outer ward. [Criccieth Castle, p. 14] In 1254 Llywelyn had become sole ruler in Gwynedd, and in 1256 he became embroiled with Prince Edward on the confines of his earldom of Chester, whence the quarrel spread southwards along the Welsh border. On 17 July 1260 Llywelyn captured Builth Castle from Mortimer, and in 1262, in consequence of the alliance between Llywelyn and Leicester, Hereford and Mortimer were acting in concert with the king. The quarrel with Llywelyn was unappeased in spite of the fact that on 24 August Henry III directed Hereford to grant him redress for violations of the truce. On 24 December Henry wrote that he was sending succour against the Welsh, but immediately after Christmas Llywelyn ravaged Mortimer's lands as far as the fortresses of Weobley, Eardisley, and Wigmore. Prince Edward himself appeared on the scene and drove Llywelyn back into Gwynedd. [Victoria History of the Counties of England: Hereford, p. 365] Near Built Castle, Llanfair-ym-Muallt (Powys) in 1282, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was slain, therby destroying every hope of an independent Wales. [The Castles of Wales, p. 43] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Change Date: 19 Mar 2003 at 17:13:01 Father: Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ABERFFRAW Prince b: ABT 1190 in Gwynedd,Wales Mother: Senana verch CARADOG b: ABT 1190 in of Isle of Man Marriage 1 Eleanor de MONTFORT Lady b: 1252 in of Leicester,,Northants,England Married: Oct 1278 in Worcester,Cathedral,Worcester,England Children Catherine Gwenllian verch Llewellyn ABERFFRAW b: 19 Jun 1282 in Gwynedd,North Wales Marriage 2 Spouse Unknown Sources: Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: The Castles of Wales Author: Evans, Lindsay Publication: Barnes & Noble Books, 1998 Page: p. 43 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Magna Charta Barons and Their American Descendants, 1898 Author: Browning, Charles D. Publication: Clearfield Company, Baltimore, 1969 Page: p. 416 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia Author: Bram, Leon L. V.P. and Ed. Dir.; Dickey, Norma H. Editor-in-Chief Publication: Funk & Wagnalls, Inc., 1986 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Chronicle of the Royal Family Author: Mercer, Derrik, ed. Publication: Jacques Legrand, London, 1991 Page: p. 56, 62 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: A History of Wales Author: Davies, John Publication: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, London, 1993 Page: p. 82, 143, 145-146, 148-150, 156-157, 160 Title: Joseph William's American Descendants Page: p. 2 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Powis Castle Author: Shurmer, James Publication: The National Trust, England, 1996 Page: p. 54 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Caerphilly Castle Author: Renn, Derek F. Publication: Cadw Historic Monuments, Cardiff, Wales, 1989 Page: p. 7-8 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Flint Castle/Ewloe Castle Author: Renn, Derek and Richard Avent Publication: Cadw Welsh Historic Monuments, Cardiff, 1995 Page: p. 3, 6-8 Repository: Name: Cheryl Varner Library Title: Criccieth Castle Author: Avent, Richard Publication: Cadw Welsh Historic Monuments, 1989 Page: p. 3-4, 14 Repository: Name: Birmingham Public Library Title: The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Herefordshire Author: Dawsons of Pall Mall Publication: The University of London Institute of Historical Research, Folkestone & London, 1971 Page: p. 365 From'Glick/Foster Ancestry' at Rootsweb.com | |||