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MicroEmacs 3.8i Documentation formatted from MicroSCRIBE original.
                 +++ Part Two of Two +++
(Differs from the original uEmacs distribution by fixing some spelling
 errors and formattating problems)
-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----


Screen Formatting			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


9.3  Changing Case


	There may be occasions when you find it necessary to  change the
case of the text you've entered.  EMACS allows you to change the case of
even large amounts of text with ease.  Let's try and  convert  a  few of
the office traditionalists to the joy  of  word processing.  Type in the
following text:

     Throw away your typewriter and  learn to use a word processor.
     Word processing  is relatively easy to learn and will increase
     your productivity enormously.  Enter the Computer Age and find
     out just how much fun it can be!!

	Let's give it a  little  more  impact  by capitalizing the first
four words.  The first	step is to define the region of text just as you
would  if  you were doing an extensive deletion.  Set the  mark  at  the
beginning of the paragraph with M- set-mark and	move  the cursor
to the space beyond  "typewriter."  Now  enter	^X-^U case-region-upper.
Your text should now look like this:

     THROW AWAY YOUR TYPEWRITER and  learn to use a word processor.
     Word processing  is relatively easy to learn and will increase
     your productivity enormously.  Enter the Computer Age and find
     out just how much fun it can be!!

	If  you  want  to change the text back to lower case, type ^X-^L
case-region-lower.    You  can	also  capitalize individual words.    To
capitalize the word "fun", position the cursor in front of the	word and
type  M-U  case-word-upper.   The word is now capitalized.  To change it
back to lower case, move the  cursor  back  to the beginning of the word
and type M-L case-word-lower.

	You  may  also	capitalize  individual	letters in EMACS.    The
command M-C case-word-capitalize capitalizes the first letter  after the
point.	This command would normally be issued with the cursor positioned
in front of the first letter of the word you wish to capitalize.  If you
issue it  in  the  middle  of  a  word, you can end up with some strAnge
looking text.


9.4  Tabs


	Unless	your  formatter  is  instructed  to  take   screen  text
literally  (as	MicroSCRIBE  does  in  the  'verbatim'	environment  for
example), tabs in EMACS generally affect screen formatting only.

	When EMACS is first started, it sets the default  tab  to  every
eighth column.	As long as you stay with default,  every  time you press
the tab key a tab character, ^I is inserted.  This character, like other
control  characters,  is  invisible  --   but  it  makes  a  subtle  and
significant difference to your file and editing.



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MicroEMACS Reference Manual			       Screen Formatting


	For example, in default mode, press the tab key  and  then  type
the word Test.	"Test" appears at the eighth column.	Move your cursor
to the beginning of the word and delete  the  backward	character.   The
word doesn't  move  back  just	one  character,  but flushes to the left
margin.    The	reason for this behavior is easily explained.	 In  tab
default, EMACS inserts	a  'real'  tab	character when you press the tab
key.  This character is inserted at the default position, but  NO SPACES
are inserted between the  tab  character and the margin (or previous tab
character).  As you will  recall, EMACS only recognizes characters (such
as  spaces  or	letters) and thus when the tab character is removed, the
text beyond the tab is flushed back to the margin or previous tab mark.

	This situation changes if you alter  the  default configuration.
The default value may  be  changed by entering a numeric argument before
pressing  the  tab key.  As we saw earlier, pressing the  META	key  and
entering a  number  allows  you  to  specify  how EMACS performs a given
action.   In this case, let's specify an argument of 10 and hit the  tab
key.

	Now hit the tab key again  and	type  Test.  Notice the word now
appears at the	tenth column.  Now move to the beginning of the word and
delete the backward character. "Test" moves back by one character.

	EMACS behaves differently in these circumstances because  the ^I
handle-tab function deals with tabbing in two distinct ways.  In default
conditions,  or  if  the  numeric  argument of zero is used,  handle-tab
inserts a true tab character.  If, however, a non-zero	numeric argument
is specified, handle-tab inserts the  correct number of spaces needed to
position the cursor at the next specified tab  position.    It	does NOT
insert the single tab character and hence any  editing	functions should
take account of the number of spaces between tabbed columns.

	Many times you would like to take a line which has  been created
using the tab character and change it to use just  spaces.   The command
^X-^D  detab-line  changes  any tabs from the point to the  end  of  the
current line into the right  number  of  spaces  so  the  line	does not
change.  This  is very useful for times when the file must be printed or
transferred to a machine which does not understand tabs.

	Also, the inverse command,  ^X-^E  entab-lines	changes multiple
spaces to tabs where possible.	This is a good way to shrink the size of
large  documents,  especially  with data tables.  Both of these commands
can take a numeric argument which  will  be interpreted as the number of
lines to en/detab.












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Screen Formatting			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual






			   Chapter 9 Summary


	In  Chapter  9	introduced some of the	formatting  features  of
EMACS. Text-wrap, paragraph reformatting,  and	tabs  were  discussed in
some  detail.	 The commands in the following table were covered in the
chapter.


Key Binding		Keystroke		    Effect
Add-Mode/WRAP		^X-M[WRAP]	Add wrap mode to current buffer

Delete-Mode/WRAP	^X-^M[WRAP]	Remove wrap mode from current buffer

Set-Fill-Column         ^X-F		Set fill column to given numeric
					argument

Fill-Paragraph		M-Q		Logically reformats the current
					paragraph

Case-Word-Upper         M-U		Text from point to end of the
					current word is changed to uppercase

Case-Word-Lower         M-L		Text from point to end of the
					current word is changed to lowercase

Case-Word-Capitalize	M-C		First word (or letter) after the
					point is capitalized

Case-Region-Upper	^X-^U		The current region is uppercased

Case-Region-Lower	^X-^L		The current region is lowercased

Handle-Tab		^I		Tab interval is set to the given
					numeric argument
Entab-Line		^X-^E		Changes multiple spaces to tabs
					characters where possible
Detab-Line		^X-^D		Changes tab characters to the
					appropriate number of spaces













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MicroEMACS Reference Manual				 Keyboard Macros








			       Chapter 10

			    Keyboard Macros


	In many applications, it may be necessary to repeat a  series of
characters or commands frequently.  For example, a paper may require the
frequent repetition of a complex formula or a long name.    You may also
have a series of EMACS commands that you invoke  frequently.	Keyboard
macros	offer  a  convenient  method  of recording and	repeating  these
commands.

	Imagine,  for  example,  you are writing a  scholarly  paper  on
Asplenium platyneuron, the spleenwort fern.  Even the dedicated botanist
would  probably  find  it  a  task  bordering  on  the agonizing to type
Asplenium platyneuron frequently throughout the paper.	  An alternative
method is 'record' the name in a keyboard macro.  Try it yourself.

	The  command  ^X-(  begin-macro  starts  recording  the  all the
keystrokes  and  commands  you input.	After  you've  typed  it,  enter
Asplenium platyneuron.	To stop recording, type ^X-)  end-macro.   EMACS
has stored all the keystrokes between  the  two commands.  To repeat the
name  you've  stored,  just  enter  ^X-E  execute-macro,  and  the  name
"Asplenium platyneuron" appears.  You can repeat this action as often as
you want, and of course as  with  any  EMACS command, you may precede it
with a numerical argument.

	Because  EMACS	records  keystrokes,  you  may	freely	intermix
commands and text.  Unfortunately, you can only  store	one  macro  at a
time.	 Thus, if you begin to	record	another  macro,  the  previously
defined macro is lost. Be careful to ensure that  you've  finished  with
one macro before defining another.  If you  have  a  series  of commands
that  you  would  like	to  'record'  for  future use, use the macro  or
procedure facilities detailed in chapter .
















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Keyboard Macros                              MicroEMACS Reference Manual






			   Chapter 10 Summary


	Chapter 10 covered keyboard macros.  You learned  how  to record
keystrokes and how to repeat the stored sequence.

Key Binding		Keystroke		Effect

Start-Macro		^X-(		Starts recording all keyboard input

End-Macro		^X-)		Stops recording keystrokes for macro

Execute-Macro		^X-E		Entire sequence of recorded
					keystrokes is replayed






































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MicroEMACS Reference Manual			       MicroEMACS Macros








			       Chapter 11

			   MicroEMACS Macros


	Macros are programs that are used to customize the editor and to
perform complicated  editing  tasks.	They  may  be stored in files or
buffers and may be executed using an appropriate command, or bound  to a
particular  keystroke.	  Portions  of	the standard start-up  file  are
implement via macros, as well as the example menu system.   The execute-
macro-  commands  cause  the  macro,  numbered  from  1  to 40, to be
executed.  The execute-file command allows you to execute a macro stored
in a disk file, and the  execute-buffer  command allows you to execute a
macro  stored  in  a buffer.  Macros are stored for  easy  execution  by
executing files that contain the store-macro command.

	There are many different  aspects  to  the macro language within
MicroEMACS.  Editor commands  are  the	various commands that manipulate
text, buffers, windows, etc, within the editor.  Directives are commands
which  control	what  lines get executed within a macro.  Also there are
various types of variables.    Environmental  variables both control and
report on different aspects  of  the editor.  User variables hold string
values which may be changed and inspected.  Buffer variables  allow text
to be placed into variables.  Interactive variable allow the  program to
prompt the user for information.  Functions can be  used  to  manipulate
all these variables.


11.1  Variables


	Variables  in MicroEMACS can be used  to  return  values  within
expressions,  as repeat counts to editing commands, or	as  text  to  be
inserted into buffers and messages.  The value of these variables is set
using the set  (^X-A)  command.    For	example, to set the current fill
column to 64 characters, the following macro line would be used:

	set $fillcol 64

	or  to	have  the contents of %name inserted at the point in the
current buffer, the command to use would be:

	insert-string %name







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MicroEMACS Macros			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual



11.1.1	Environmental Variables


	"What good is a quote if you can't change it?"

	These variables are used to  change different aspects of the way
the editor works.  Also they will return the current settings if used as
part of an expression.	All environmental variable names  begin  with  a
dollar sign ($) and are in lower case.

$fillcol	 Current fill column

$pagelen	 Number of screen lines used currently

$curwidth	 Number of columns used currently

$curcol          Current column of point in current buffer

$curline	 Current line of point in current buffer

$flicker	 Flicker Flag set to TRUE if IBM CGA set  to  FALSE  for
		 most others

$cbufname	 Name of the current buffer

$cfname          File name of the current buffer

$sres		 Current screen resolution (CGA, MONO or EGA on the IBM-
		 PC  driver. LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH or  DENSE  on  the  Atari
		 ST1040, NORMAL on all others)

$debug		 Flag to trigger macro debugging (try it...  you'll like
		 it!)

$status          return status	of the success of the last command (TRUE
		 or FALSE) usually used with !force

$palette	 string used to control the palette register settings on
		 graphics versions. The  usually form consists of groups
		 of three  octal digits setting the red, green, and blue
		 levels.

$asave		 The number  of  inserted  characters  between automatic
		 file-saves in ASAVE mode.

$acount          The  countdown  of  inserted  characters until the next
		 save-file.

$lastkey	 Last keyboard character typed

$curchar	 Character currently at the point




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MicroEMACS Reference Manual			       MicroEMACS Macros


$discmd          Flag to  disable the echoing of messages on the command
		 line

$version	 Contains the current MicroEMACS version number

$progname	 Always  contains  the	string "MicroEMACS" for standard
		 MicroEMACS. Could  be something else if used as part of
		 someone else's program

$seed		 integer seed of the random number generator

$disinp          Flag  to  disable  the  echoing  of  characters  during
		 command line input

	Obviously, many more of these  variables  will	be  available in
future releases of MicroEMACS.	(Yes,  send a vote for your favorite new
environmental variables today).


11.1.2	User variables


	User  variables  allow	you,  the  user,  to  store strings  and
manipulate them.  These strings can be pieces of text, numbers	(in text
form), or the logical values TRUE and FALSE.	These  variables  can be
combined, tested, inserted  into  buffers, and otherwise used to control
the way your macros execute.   At  the	moment, up to 100 user variables
may be	in  use  in  one editing session.  All users variable names must
begin with a percent  sign  (%) and may contain any printing characters.
Only the first 10 characters are significant (i.e differences beyond the
tenth character are ignored).  Most operators will truncate strings to a
length of 128 characters.


11.1.3	Buffer Variables


	Buffer	variables  are	special in that they can only be queried
and cannot be set.  What buffer variables are is a way to take text from
a buffer and place it  in a variable. For example, if I have a buffer by
the name of RIGEL2, and it contains the text:

	Richmond
	Lafayette
	<*>Bloomington		(where <*> is the current point)
	Indianapolis
	Gary
	=* MicroEMACS 3.8i (WRAP) == rigel2 == File: /data/rigel2.txt =====

	and within a command I reference #rigel2, like:

	insert-string #rigel2




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MicroEMACS Macros			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


	MicroEMACS would start at the current point in the RIGEL2 buffer
and  grab  all the text up to the end of that line and pass  that  back.
Then it would advance the point to the beginning of the next line. Thus,
after our  last command executes, the string "Bloomington" gets inserted
into the current buffer, and the buffer RIGEL2 now looks like this:

	Richmond
	Lafayette
	Bloomington
	<*>Indianapolis         (where <*> is the current point)
	Gary
	=* MicroEMACS 3.8i (WRAP) == rigel2 == File: /data/rigel2.txt =====

	as you have probably noticed,  a buffer variable consists of the
buffer name, preceded by a pound sign (#).


11.1.4	Interactive variables


	Interactive variables are  actually  a method to prompt the user
for a string.  This is done by using an at sign (@) followed either with
a quoted string, or a variable containing a string.   The  string is the
placed on the  bottom line, and the editor waits for the user to type in
a string.  Then the  string  typed  in	by  the users is returned as the
value of the interactive variable.  For example:

	set %quest "What file? "
	find-file @%quest

	will ask the user for a file name, and then attempt to find it.


11.2  Functions


	Functions can be  used	to manipulate variables in various ways.
Functions can have one,  two,  or three arguments.  These arguments will
always	be  placed  after the function on the current command line.  For
example, if we wanted to increase the current fill column by  two, using
emacs's set (^X-A) command, we would write:

	set $fillcol &add $fillcol 2
	 \	\      \      \     \____second operand
	  \	 \	\      \_________first operand
	   \	  \	 \_______________function to execute
	    \	   \_____________________variable to set
	     \___________________________set (^X-A) command

	Function names always begin with  the  ampersand  (&) character,
and  are  only	significant to the  first  three  characters  after  the
ampersand.    Functions  will  normal  expect  one  of	three  types  of
arguments, and will automatically convert types when needed.



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MicroEMACS Reference Manual			       MicroEMACS Macros


		 an ascii string of digits  which  is  interpreted  as a
		 numeric value.  Any string  which does not start with a
		 digit or a minus sign (-) will be considered zero.

		 An arbitrary string  of  characters.	 At  the moment,
		 strings are limited to 128 characters in length.

		 A logical value  consisting  of  the  string  "TRUE" or
		 "FALSE".  Numeric strings will also evaluate to "FALSE"
		 if they are equal to zero, and "TRUE" if they	are non-
		 zero.	Arbitrary text	strings  will  have the value of
		 "FALSE".

	A list	of  the  currently  available  functions  follows: (Once
again, send in those votes on what kind of functions  you  would like to
see  added!)  Functions  are  always  used in lower case, the  uppercase
letters  in  the  function table are the short form of the function (i.e
&div for ÷).

Numeric Functions:	(returns )

&ADD		 	Add two numbers
&SUB		 	Subtract the second number from the first
&TIMes		 	Multiply two numbers
&DIVide          	Divide the first number by the second
				giving an integer result
&MOD		 	Return the reminder of dividing the
				first number by the second
&NEGate         		Multiply the arg by -1
&LENgth         		Returns length of string
&ASCii				Return the ascii code of the first
				character in 
&RND				Returns a random integer between 1 and 
&ABS				Returns the absolute value of 

String manipulation functions:	(returns )

&CAT		 	Concatenate the two strings to form one
&LEFt		 	return the  leftmost characters
				from 
&RIGht		 	return the  rightmost characters
				from 
&MID		  
				Starting from  position in ,
				return  characters.
&UPPer				Uppercase 
&LOWer				lowercase 
&CHR				return a string with the character
				represented by ascii code 
>K				return a string containing a single
				keystroke from the user

Logical Testing functions:	(returns )



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MicroEMACS Macros			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


&NOT				Return the opposite logical value
&AND		 	Returns TRUE if BOTH logical arguments
				are TRUE
&OR		 	Returns TRUE if either argument
				is TRUE
&EQUal		 	If  and  are numerically
				equal, return TRUE
&LESs		 	If  is less than , return
				TRUE.
&GREater	 	If  is greater than, or equal to
				, return TRUE.
&SEQual          	If the two strings are the same, return
				TRUE.
&SLEss		 	If  is less alphabetically than
				, return TRUE.
&SGReater	 	If  is alphabetically greater than
				or equal to , return TRUE.

Special Functions:

&INDirect			Evaluate  as a variable.

	This last function deserves more explanation. The  &IND function
evaluates its argument, takes the resulting string, and then uses  it as
a variable name.  For example, given the following code sequence:

	; set up reference table

	set %one	"elephant"
	set %two	"giraffe"
	set %thee	"donkey"

	set %index "two"
	insert-string &ind %index

	the  string  "giraffe"	would have been inserted at the point in
the current buffer.  This indirection  can  be safely nested up to about
10 levels.


11.3  Directives


	Directives are commands which only operate  within  an executing
macro, i.e  they  do  not  make sense as a single command. As such, they
cannot be called up singly or bound to keystroke.  Used  within  macros,
they control what lines are executed and in what order.

	Directives always start with the exclamation mark  (!) character
and must be the first thing placed on a line. Directives executed singly
(via the execute-command-line command) interactively will be ignored.





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MicroEMACS Reference Manual			       MicroEMACS Macros



11.3.1	!ENDM Directive


	This  directive  is  used to terminate a macro being stored. For
example, if a file is being executed contains the text:

	;	Read in a file in view mode, and make the window red

	26	store-macro
		find-file @"File to view: "
		add-mode "view"
		add-mode "red"
	!endm

	write-message "[Consult macro has been loaded]"

	only the lines between the  store-macro  command  and  the !ENDM
directive are stored in macro 26.


11.3.2	!FORCE Directive


	When  MicroEMACS executes a macro, if  any  command  fails,  the
macro is  terminated  at  that	point. If a line is preceded by a !FORCE
directive, execution  continues weather the command succeeds or not. For
example:

	;	Merge the top two windows

	save-window		;remember what window we are at
	1 next-window		;go to the top window
	delete-window		;merge it with the second window
	!force restore-window	;This will continue regardless
	add-mode "red"


11.3.3	!IF, !ELSE, and !ENDIF Directives


	This  directive  allows  statements  only  to be executed  if  a
condition specified in the  directive  is met.	Every line following the
!IF directive, until  the  first  !ELSE  or  !ENDIF  directive,  is only
executed  if  the  expression following the !IF directive evaluates to a
TRUE value.   For  example,  the  following  macro  segment  creates the
portion of a text file automatically.  (yes  believe  me,  this  will be
easier to understand then that last explanation....)

	!if &sequal %curplace "timespace vortex"
		insert-string "First, rematerialize~n"
	!endif
	!if &sequal %planet "earth"	;If we have landed on earth...



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MicroEMACS Macros			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


		!if &sequal %time "late 20th century"  ;and we are then
			write-message "Contact U.N.I.T."
		!else
			insert-string "Investigate the situation....~n"
			insert-string "(SAY 'stay here Sara')~n"
		!endif
	!else
		set %conditions @"Atmosphere conditions outside? "
		!if &sequal %conditions "safe"
			insert-string &cat "Go outside......" "~n"
			insert-string "lock the door~n"
		!else
			insert-string "Dematerialize..try somewhere else"
			newline
		!endif
	!endif


11.3.4	!GOTO Directive


	Flow can be controlled within a MicroEMACS macro using the !GOTO
directive. It takes as an argument a label. A label  consists  of a line
starting  with an asterisk (*) and then an  alphanumeric  label.    Only
labels in the currently executing macro can be jumped to, and  trying to
jump to  a  non-existing  label  terminates  execution	of a macro.  For
example..

	;Create a block of DATA statements for a BASIC program

		insert-string "1000 DATA "
		set %linenum 1000

	*nxtin
		update-screen		;make sure we see the changes
		set %data @"Next number: "
		!if &equal %data 0
			!goto finish
		!endif

		!if &greater $curcol 60
			2 delete-previous-character
			newline
			set %linenum &add %linenum 10
			insert-string &cat %linenum " DATA "
		!endif

		insert-string &cat %data ", "
		!goto nxtin

	*finish

		2 delete-previous-character



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		newline


11.3.5	!RETURN Directive


	The !RETURN Directive  causes  the current macro to exit, either
returning to the caller (if any) or to interactive mode.  For example:

	;	Check the monitor type and set %mtyp

	!if &sres "CGA"
		set %mtyp 1
		!return
	!else
		set %mtyp 2
	!endif

	insert-string "You are on a MONOCHROME machine!~n"





































								      45






A					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual








			       Appendix A

			  MicroEMACS commands


	Below  is a complete list of the commands  in  EMACS,  the  keys
normally used to do the command,  and  what the command does.  Remember,
on some computers there may also  be  additional ways of using a command
(cursor keys and special function keys for example).

Command                 Binding         Meaning
abort-command		 ^G	This allows the user to abort out of any
				command that is waiting for input

add-mode		 ^X-M	Add a mode to the current buffer

add-global-mode          M-M	Add a global mode for all new buffers

apropos                  M-A	List out commands whose name contains
				the string specified

backward-character	 ^B	Move one character to the left

begin-macro		 ^X-(	Begin recording a keyboard macro

beginning-of-file	 M-<	Move to the beginning of the file in
				the current buffer

beginning-of-line	 ^A	Move to the beginning of the current line

bind-to-key		 M-K	Bind a key to a function

buffer-position          ^X-=	List the position of the cursor in the
				current window on the command line

case-region-lower	 ^X-^L	Make a marked region all lower case

case-region-upper	 ^X-^U	Make a marked region all upper case

case-word-capitalize	 M-C	Capitalize the following word

case-word-lower          M-L	Lower case the following word

case-word-upper          M-U	Upper case the following word

change-file-name	 ^X-N	Change the name of the file in the
				current buffer



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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       A


change-screen-size	 M-^S	Change the number of lines of the screen
				currently being used

change-screen-width	 M-^T	Change the number of columns of the
				screen currently being used

clear-and-redraw	 ^L	Clear the physical screen and redraw it

clear-message-line	(none)	Clear the command line

copy-region		 M-W	Copy the currently marked region into
				the kill buffer

count-words		 M-^C	Count how many words, lines and
				characters are in the current marked region

ctlx-prefix		 ^X	Change the key used as the ^X prefix

delete-blank-lines	 ^X-^O	Delete all blank lines around the cursor

delete-buffer		 ^X-K	Delete a buffer which is not being
				currently displayed in a window

delete-mode		 ^X-^M	Turn off a mode in the current buffer

delete-global-mode	 M-^M	Turn off a global mode

delete-next-character	 ^D	Delete the character following the cursor

delete-next-word	 M-D	Delete the word following the cursor

delete-other-windows	 ^X-1	Make the current window cover the entire
				screen

delete-previous-character^H	Delete the character to the left of the
				cursor

delete-previous-word	 M-^H	Delete the word to the left of the cursor

delete-window		 ^X-0	Remove the current window from the screen

describe-bindings	(none)	Make a list of all legal commands

describe-key		 ^X-?	Describe what command is bound to a
				keystroke sequence

detab-line		 ^X-^D	Change all tabs in a line to the
				equivalent spaces

end-macro		 ^X-)	stop recording a keyboard macro

end-of-file		 M->	Move cursor to the end of the current buffer

end-of-line		 ^E	Move to the end of the current line


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entab-line		 ^X-^E	Change multiple spaces to tabs where
				possible

exchange-point-and-mark  ^X-^X	Move cursor to the last marked spot,
				make the original position be marked

execute-buffer		(none)	Execute a buffer as a macro

execute-command-line	(none)	Execute a line typed on the command
				line as a macro command

execute-file		 FNB	Execute a file as a macro

execute-macro		 ^X-E	Execute the keyboard macro (play back
				the recorded keystrokes)
execute-macro-	(none)	Execute numbered macro  where  is
				an integer from 1 to 40

execute-named-command	 M-X	Execute a command by name

execute-procedure	 M-^E	Execute a procedure by name

exit-emacs		 ^X-^C	Exit EMACS. If there are unwritten,
				changed buffers EMACS will ask to confirm

fill-paragraph		 M-Q	Fill the current paragraph

filter-buffer		 ^X-#	Filter the current buffer through an
				external filter

find-file		 ^X-^F	Find a file to edit in the current window

forward-character	 ^F	Move cursor one character to the right

goto-line		 M-G	Goto a numbered line

goto-matching-fence	 M-^F	Goto the matching fence

grow-window		 ^X-^	Make the current window larger

handle-tab		 ^I	Insert a tab or set tab stops

hunt-forward		 FN=	Hunt for the next match of the last
				search string

hunt-backward		 FN>	Hunt for the last match of the last
				search string

help			 M-?	Read EMACS.HLP into a buffer and display it

i-shell                  ^X-C	Shell up to a new command processor

incremental-search	 ^X-S	Search for a string, incrementally



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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       A


insert-file		 ^X-^I	insert a file at the cursor in the
				current file

insert-space		 ^C	Insert a space to the right of the cursor

insert-string		(none)	Insert a string at the cursor

kill-paragraph		 M-^W	Delete the current paragraph

kill-region		 ^W	Delete the current marked region, moving
				it to the kill buffer

kill-to-end-of-line	 ^K	Delete the rest of the current line

list-buffers		 ^X-^B	List all existing buffers

meta-prefix		 	Key used to precede all META commands

move-window-down	 ^X-^N	Move all the lines in the current window down

move-window-up		 ^X-^P	Move all the lines in the current window up

name-buffer		 M-^N	Change the name of the current buffer

newline                  ^M	Insert a  at the cursor

newline-and-indent	 ^J	Insert a  at the cursor and indent
				the new line the same as the preceding line

next-buffer		 ^X-X	Bring the next buffer in the list into
				the current window

next-line		 ^N	Move the cursor down one line

next-page		 ^V	Move the cursor down one page

next-paragraph		 M-N	Move cursor to the next paragraph

next-window		 ^X-O	Move cursor to the next window

next-word		 M-F	Move cursor to the beginning of the
				next word

open-line		 ^O	Open a line at the cursor

pipe-command		 ^X-@	Execute an external command and place
				its output in a buffer

previous-line		 ^P	Move cursor up one line

previous-page		 ^Z	Move cursor up one page

previous-paragraph	 M-P	Move back one paragraph



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previous-window          ^X-P	Move the cursor to the last window

previous-word		 M-B	Move the cursor to the beginning of the
				word to the left of the cursor

query-replace-string	 M-^R	Replace all of one string with another
				string, interactively querying the user

quick-exit		 M-Z	Exit EMACS, writing out all changed buffers

quote-character          ^Q	Insert the next character literally

read-file		 ^X-^R	Read a file into the current buffer

redraw-display		 M-^L	Redraw the display, centering the
				current line

resize-window		 ^X-W	Change the number of lines in the
				current window

restore-window		(none)	Move cursor to the last saved window

replace-string		 M-R	Replace all occurrences of one string
				with another string from the cursor
				to the end of the buffer

reverse-incremental-search^X-R	Search backwards, incrementally

run			 M-^E	Execute a named procedure

save-file		 ^X-^S	Save the current buffer if it is changed

save-window		(none)	Remember current window (to restore later)

scroll-next-up		 M-^Z	Scroll the next window up

scroll-next-down	 M-^V	Scroll the next window down

search-forward		 ^S	Search for a string

search-reverse		 ^R	Search backwards for a string

select-buffer		 ^X-B	Select a buffer to display in the
				current window

set			 ^X-A	Set a variable to a value

set-encryption-key	 M-E	Set the encryption key of the current buffer

set-fill-column          ^X-F	Set the current fill column

set-mark			Set the mark

shell-command		 ^X-!	Execute an external command


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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       A


shrink-window		 ^X-^Z	Make the current window smaller

split-current-window	 ^X-2	Split the current window in two

store-macro		(none)	Store the following macro lines to a
				numbered macro

store-procedure         (none)	Store the following macro lines to a
				named procedure

transpose-characters	 ^T	Transpose the character at the cursor
				with the character to the left

trim-line		 ^X-^T	Trim any trailing whitespace from line

unbind-key		 M-^K	Unbind a key from a function

universal-argument	 ^U	Execute the following command 4 times

unmark-buffer		 M-~	Unmark the current buffer (so it is
				no longer changed)

update-screen		(none)	Force a screen update during macro execution

view-file		 ^X-^V	Find a file,and put it in view mode

wrap-word		 M-FNW	Wrap the current word, this is an
				internal function

write-file		 ^X-^W	Write the current buffer under a new
				file name

write-message		(none)	Display a string on the command line

yank			 ^Y	yank the kill buffer into the current
				buffer at the cursor




















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B					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual








			       Appendix B

			  MicroEMACS Bindings


	Below is a complete list of the key bindings used in MicroEMACS.
This can be used as a wall chart reference for MicroEMACS commands.

		     Default Key Bindings for MicroEmacs 3.8i

 ^A   Move to start of line	      ESC A   Apropos (list some commands)
 ^B   Move backward by characters     ESC B   Backup by words
 ^C   Insert space		      ESC C   Initial capitalize word
 ^D   Forward delete		      ESC D   Delete forward word
 ^E   Goto end of line		      ESC E   Reset Encryption Key
 ^F   Move forward by characters      ESC F   Advance by words
 ^G   Abort out of things	      ESC G   Go to a line
 ^H   Backward delete
 ^I   Insert tab/Set tab stops
 ^J   Insert CR-LF, then indent
 ^K   Kill forward		      ESC K   Bind Key to function
 ^L   Refresh the screen	      ESC L   Lower case word
 ^M   Insert CR-LF		      ESC M   Add global mode
 ^N   Move forward by lines	      ESC N   Goto End paragraph
 ^O   Open up a blank line
 ^P   Move backward by lines	      ESC P   Goto Beginning of paragraph
 ^Q   Insert literal		      ESC Q   Fill current paragraph
 ^R   Search backwards		      ESC R   Search and replace
 ^S   Search forward
 ^T   Transpose characters
 ^U   Repeat command four times       ESC U   Upper case word
 ^V   Move forward by pages	      ESC V   Move backward by pages
 ^W   Kill region		      ESC W   Copy region to kill buffer
 ^Y   Yank back from killbuffer       ESC X   Execute named command
 ^Z   Move backward by pages	      ESC Z   Save all buffers and exit

 ESC ^C   Count words in region       ESC ~   Unmark current buffer
 ESC ^F   Goto matching fence	      ESC !   Reposition window
 ESC ^H   Delete backward word	      ESC <   Move to start of buffer
 ESC ^K   Unbind Key from function    ESC >   Move to end of buffer
 ESC ^L   Reposition window	      ESC .   Set mark
 ESC ^M   Delete global mode	      ESC space    Set mark
 ESC ^N   Rename current buffer       ESC rubout   Delete backward word
 ESC ^R   Search & replace w/query	  rubout   Backward delete
 ESC ^S   Change screen rows
 ESC ^T   Change screen columns
 ESC ^V   Scroll next window down
 ESC ^W   Delete Paragraph


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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       B


 ESC ^Z   Scroll next window up

 ^X ?	Describe a key		   ^X !   Run 1 command in a subjob
 ^X =	Show the cursor position   ^X @    Pipe DOS command to buffer
 ^X ^	Enlarge display window	   ^X #   Filter buffer thru DOS filter
 ^X 0	Delete current window	   ^X (   Begin macro
 ^X 1	Delete other windows	   ^X )   End macro
 ^X 2	Split current window
				   ^X A   Set variable value
 ^X ^B	 Display buffer list	   ^X B   Switch a window to a buffer
 ^X ^C	 Exit MicroEMACS	   ^X C   Start a new command processor
				   ^X D   Suspend MicroEMACS (BSD4.2 only)
				   ^X E   Execute macro
 ^X ^F	 Find file		   ^X F   Set fill column
 ^X ^I	 Insert file
				   ^X K   Delete buffer
 ^X ^L	 Lower case region
 ^X ^M	 Delete Mode		   ^X M   Add a mode
 ^X ^N	 Move window down	   ^X N   Rename current filename
 ^X ^O	 Delete blank lines	   ^X O   Move to the next window
 ^X ^P	 Move window up            ^X P   Move to the previous window
 ^X ^R	 Get a file from disk	   ^X R   Incremental reverse search
 ^X ^S	 Save current file	   ^X S   Incremental forward search
 ^X ^U	 Upper case region
 ^X ^V	 View file
 ^X ^W	 Write a file to disk	   ^X W   resize Window
 ^X ^X	 Swap "." and mark	   ^X X   Use next buffer
 ^X ^Z	 Shrink window		   ^X Z   Enlarge display window

Only under PCDOS:
 -S Hunt forward	     SHIFT  - 
 -R Hunt backward		 Execute macros 1 - 10

Usable Modes
WRAP	 Lines going past right margin "wrap" to a new line
VIEW	 Read-Only mode where no modifications are allowed
CMODE	 Change behavior of some commands to work with C better
EXACT	 Exact case matching on search strings
OVER	 Overwrite typed characters instead of inserting them
CRYPT	 Current buffer will be encrypted on write, decrypted on read
MAGIC	 Use regular expression matching in searches
ASAVE	 Save the file every 256 inserted characters

WHITE/CYAN/MAGENTA/YELLOW/BLUE/RED/GREEN/BLACK	Sets foreground color
white/cyan/magenta/yellow/blue/red/green/black	Sets background color











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C					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual








			       Appendix C

			   Supported machines


	The following table lists all the hardware/compilers for which I
currently support MicroEMACS.	This  is  not  exclusive of all machines
which MicroEMACS will  run on, but I have either run it myself, or had a
first hand report of it running.

Hardware	OS		Compiler	Comments
VAX 780         UNIX V5         native
		UNIX V7         native
		BSD 4.2         native		job control supported
		*VMS		native		only some terminals supported

NCR Tower	UNIX V5         native

Fortune 32:16	UNIX V7         native

IBM-PC		MSDOS 2/3.2	Lattice 2.15	Large CODE/Large DATA
				AZTEC 3.4e	Small CODE/Large DATA
				*MSC 4.0
				*MWC 86

HP150		MSDOS		Lattice 2.15	Function key labels
						for the touch screen

HP110		MSDOS		Lattice 2.15
				Aztec 3.4e

*Data General 10
		MSDOS		Lattice 2.15

*Texas Instruments Professional
		MSDOS		Lattice 2.15

Amiga		Intuition	Lattice 3.03	no mouse or menus yet
				*Aztec 3

ST520		TOS		Lattice 3.10	no menus yet,
						no shell commands

Systems to be supported (i.e some code is already written:)
Macintosh	Finder 5.0	Aztec

*means that I do not own or have access to the listed compiler and/or
 machine and must rely upon others to help support it.


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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       D








			       Appendix D

			Machine Dependent Notes


	This   appendix   lists   some	 notes	specific  to  individual
implementations  of MicroEMACS. Every attempt has  been  made  to  allow
EMACS to be identical on all  machines,  but  we have also tried to take
advantage of function keys, cursor  keys, mice, and special screen modes
where possible.


D.1  IBM-PC/XT/AT and its clones


	The  IBM-PC  family  of computers is supported with a variety of
different display adapters.  EMACS will attempt to discover what adapter
is connected and use the proper driver for it. Below is  a  list  of the
currently supported video adapters:

Adapter                         $sres		Original mode used
Monochrome Graphics Adapter	MONO		MONO
Color Graphics Adapter		CGA		CGA
Enhanced graphics Adapter	EGA		CGA

	EMACS also takes advantage of various function keys and the keys
on the keypad on an IBM-PC.  The function keys	are  initially not bound
to any particular functions (except by the emacs.rc  startup  file), but
the keypad keys do default to the following:

Keypad key	Function
Home		beginning-of-file
CSRS UP         previous-line
Pg Up		previous-page
CSRS LEFT	backward-character
CSRS RIGHT	forward-character
End		end-of-file
CSRS DOWN	next-line
Pg Dn		Next-page

	All these special keys	are  indicated in EMACS macros by use of
the FN prefix.	Below is a list of many of the keys and  the  codes used
to specify them.  Also the codes may be gotten by using the describe-key
(^X ?) command on the suspect key.






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D					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


			IBM PC function keys in MicroEmacs

	function	Function	^function	Alt-function
 f1)	  FN;		  FNT		  FN^		  FNh
 f2)	  FN<		  FNU		  FN_		  FNi
 f3)	  FN=		  FNV		  FN`		  FNj
 f4)	  FN>		  FNW		  FNa		  FNk
 f5)	  FN?		  FNX		  FNb		  FNl
 f6)	  FN@		  FNY		  FNc		  FNm
 f7)	  FNA		  FNZ		  FNd		  FNn
 f8)	  FNB		  FN[		  FNe		  FNo
 f9)	  FNC		  FN\		  FNf		  FNp
f10)	  FND		  FN]		  FNg		  FNq

home)	  FNG				  FNw
CuUp)	  FNH
PgUp)	  FNI				  FN {Alt 132}
CuLf)	  FNK				  FNs
 5  )
CuRt)	  FNM				  FNt
 End)	  FNO				  FNu
CuDn)	  FNP
PgDn)	  FNQ				  FNv
 Ins)	  FNR
 Del)	  FNS































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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       D




D.2  Atari 520/1040ST


	The ATARI ST family of computers have a dual personality.   They
may use either a monochrome or a color screen. EMACS supports two screen
resolutions on each monitor.

Monitor $sres size #color $palette format
Color	LOW	40x25	16	000111222333444555666777
	MEDIUM	80x25	4	000111222333
Mono	HIGH	80x25	2	000
	DENSE	80x40	2	000

	The $palette environment variable can  be  used  to  change what
color  is  associated  with each color name.  With a color monitor, each
group  of three digits indicates an octal  number  specifying  the  RED,
GREEN  and BLUE levels of that color.  Each color digit can vary from  0
to  7.	  For example, the initial setting of $palette in LOW resolution
is:

	000700070770007707077777

	which broken up is:

	000 700 070 770 007 707 077 777

	which means:

	000	Black
	700	Red
	070	Green
	770	Yellow
	007	Blue
	707	Magenta
	077	Cyan
	777	White

     Note: DENSE mode is not yet supported in  3.8i.	It  will be
     soon

	Also the mouse generates FN prefix codes when moved, or when one
of  the  two  buttons is pressed. Initially the movement of the mouse is
bound to movement of the cursor,  and  the left mouse button generates a
set-mark (M-space) command.   The  cursor keys and the function keys are
bound similarly to IBM-PC.









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D					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual




D.3  Amiga 1000


	The Commodore AMIGA 1000 version  of  MicroEMACS  does	not have
extensive support of the mouse or of pull down menus as of yet.  It does
however come up in a  window, and it is possible to re-size it to run in
different sized  windows.  The M-^S change-screen-size takes its numeric
argument as the  new number of lines for EMACS to use.	The M-^T change-
screen-width  command  allows  you to change the number of columns EMACS
will  use.  The defaults for these are 23 lines and 77 characters across
for a full screen window.

		    Note about Compiling MicroEMACS

	     If  you  are  compiling the sources on  the  AMIGA  to
     produce an executable image, and  you  are  using	the Lattice
     compiler, be sure to give the CLI command 'STACK 40000' before
     compiling to make sure the compiler has sufficient stack space
     to successfully complete compilation.



































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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					       D




D.4  UNIX V5, V7, and BSD4.[23]


	MicroEMACS under UNIX utilizes the  TERMCAP  library  to provide
machine  independent  screen  functions.    Make  sure	that termcap  is
available  and properly set on your account  before  attempting  to  use
MicroEMACS.

	Under  systems	which  support job control, you can use the ^X-D
suspend-emacs command to place EMACS  into the background.  This carries
a much smaller overhead than bringing up a new shell under EMACS.  EMACS
will  properly	redraw	the  screen  when  you	bring  it  back  to  the
foreground.

	With the addition of some very machine/operating system specific
code, EMACS can prevent two or more people from modifying the  same file
at the same  time. The upper level of a set of functions to provide file
locking  exist	in the source file LOCK.C.    It  requires  two  machine
specific  functions  written  and  linked  into EMACS for it to  operate
properly.

	char *dolock(fname)

	char *fname;

	dolock() locks a file, preventing others from modifying it. If
	it succeeds, it returns NULL, otherwise it returns a pointer to
	a string in the form "LOCK ERROR: explanation".

	char *undolock(fname)

	char *fname;

	undolock() unlocks a file, allowing others to modifying it. If
	it succeeds, it returns NULL, otherwise it returns a pointer to
	a string in the form "LOCK ERROR: explanation".


















								      59






Index					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual








				    Index


	 12                         entab-lines 33
					execute-buffer 37
	A				execute-file 37
	add-global-mode 23		execute-macro 35
	add-mode 3, 23			execute-macro- 37
					exit-emacs 8
	B
	backward-character 4		F
	begin-macro 35			file locking 59
	beginning-of-file 4, 7		fill-paragraph 7, 31
	beginning-of-line 4		fill column 26
	buffer 4, 6			find-file 17, 18, 20
	buffers 20			forward-character 4

	C				H
	case-region-lower 32		handle-tab 33
	case-word-capitalize 32
	case-word-lower 32		K
	case-word-upper 32		kill-region 9
	change-screen-size 58		kill-to-end-of-line 8
	change-screen-width 58		kill buffer 10
	color 23
	control-x 1			L
	control key 1			list-buffers 21, 23
	copy-region 10
	cursor keys 4			M
					mark 9
	D				meta key 1
	default string 13		mode line 2, 6
	delete-blank-lines 8		modes 3, 23
	delete-buffer 21		move-window-down 18
	delete-global-mode 23		move-window-up 18
	delete-mode 23
	delete-next-character 8         N
	delete-next-word 8		newline 1
	delete-previous-		next-buffer 20
	     character 7		next-line 3
	delete-previous-word 8		next-paragraph 4
	detab-line 33
					O
	E				open-line 7
	encryption 24
	end-macro 35			P
	end-of-file 4			point 9
	end-of-line 4			previous-line 3


60






MicroEMACS Reference Manual					   Index


	previous-paragraph 4		set-fill-column 31
	previous-window 17		set-mark 9
	previous-word 3                 special keys 1
					split-current-window 17
	Q				suspend-emacs 59
	query-replace 14
	query-replace-string 14         T
					tab handling 33
	R				termcap 59
	replace-string 13		text window 2

	S				W
	save-file 4			window 6
	screen 6			windows 2, 17
	scroll-next-down 18		wrap-word 26
	scroll-next-up 18		wrapping text 31
	search-forward 12		write-file 4
	search-reverse 13
	select-buffer 20		Y
	set-encryption-key 24		yank 10




































								      61












			     Table of Contents





     Chapter 1	Basic Concepts                                    1
	1.1  Keys and the Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
	1.2  Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
	1.3  Parts and Pieces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
	1.4  Entering Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
	1.5  Basic cursor movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
	1.6  Saving your text  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4

     Chapter 2	Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions    6
	2.1  A Word About Windows, Buffers, Screens, and Modes .  6
	2.2  Insertions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
	2.3  Deletions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7

     Chapter 3	Using Regions                                     9
	3.1  Defining and Deleting a Region  . . . . . . . . . .  9
	3.2  Yanking a Region  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

     Chapter 4	Search and Replace                               12
	4.1  Forward Search  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
	4.2  Exact Searches  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
	4.3  Backward Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
	4.4  Searching and Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
	4.5  Query-Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

     Chapter 5	Windows                                          17
	5.1  Creating Windows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
	5.2  Deleting Windows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
	5.3  Resizing Windows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
	5.4  Other Window commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

     Chapter 6	Buffers                                          20

     Chapter 7	Modes                                            23
	7.1  ASAVE mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
	7.2  CMODE mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
	7.3  CRYPT mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
	7.4  EXACT mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
	7.5  MAGIC mode  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
	7.6  OVER mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
	7.7  WRAP mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
	7.8  VIEW mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26






				    i









     Chapter 8	Files                                            28

     Chapter 9	Screen Formatting                                31
	9.1  Wrapping Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
	9.2  Reformatting Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
	9.3  Changing Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
	9.4  Tabs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

     Chapter 10  Keyboard Macros                                 35

     Chapter 11  MicroEMACS Macros                               37
	11.1  Variables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
	   11.1.1  Environmental Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 38
	   11.1.2  User variables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
	   11.1.3  Buffer Variables  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
	   11.1.4  Interactive variables . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
	11.2  Functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
	11.3  Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
	   11.3.1  !ENDM Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
	   11.3.2  !FORCE Directive  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
	   11.3.3  !IF, !ELSE, and !ENDIF Directives . . . . . . 43
	   11.3.4  !GOTO Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
	   11.3.5  !RETURN Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

     Appendix A  MicroEMACS commands				 46

     Appendix B  MicroEMACS Bindings				 52

     Appendix C  Supported machines				 54

     Appendix D  Machine Dependent Notes			 55
	D.1  IBM-PC/XT/AT and its clones . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
	D.2  Atari 520/1040ST  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
	D.3  Amiga 1000  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
	D.4  UNIX V5, V7, and BSD4.[23]  . . . . . . . . . . . . 59





















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-- 
                            Paul Homchick
Chimitt Gilman Homchick, Inc.; One Radnor Station, Suite 300; Radnor, PA 19087
             {seismo!bpa | ihnp4!cbmvax} !vu-vlsi!cgh!paul