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MicroEmacs 3.8i Documentation formatted from MicroSCRIBE original.
                 +++ Part One of Two +++
(Differs from the original uEmacs distribution by fixing some spelling
 errors and formattating problems)
-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----snip-----
















		MicroEMACS

		Full Screen Text Editor
		Reference Manual (preliminary draft)

		Version 3.8i
		April 27, 1987

		(C)opyright 1987 by Daniel M. Lawrence
		Reference Manual (C)opyright 1987
			by Brian Straight and Daniel M. Lawrence
		All Rights Reserved

		MicroEMACS 3.8i can be copied and distributed freely
		for any non-commercial purposes. MicroEMACS 3.8i can
		only be incorporated into commercial software with
		the permission of the current author.





































Introduction

	MicroEMACS  is	a  tool  for  creating	and  changing documents,
programs, and other  text  files.    It  is both relatively easy for the
novice	to  use,  but  also  very  powerful  in the hands of an  expert.
MicroEMACS can be extensively customized for the needs of the individual
user.

	MicroEMACS allows several files to be edited at  the  same time.
The  screen  can  be split into different windows, and text may be moved
freely from one window to the next.  Depending on the type of file being
edited, MicroEMACS can change  how  it	behaves  to make editing simple.
Editing standard text files, program files and word processing documents
are all possible at the same time.

	There are extensive capabilities  to  make  word  processing and
editing  easier.    These  include  commands  for  string searching  and
replacing, paragraph reformatting and deleting, automatic word wrapping,
word move and deletes, easy case controlling, and automatic word counts.

	For complex and  repetitive  editing tasks editing macros can be
written.  These macros allow the  user	a great degree of flexibility in
determining how MicroEMACS behaves.    Also any and all the commands can
be used by  any  keystroke  by	changing,  or  rebinding,  what commands
various keys are connected, or bound, to.

	Special features are also available  to perform a diverse set of
operations such as file encryption,  automatic	backup	file generation,
entabbing and detabbing  lines,  executing of DOS commands and filtering
of text through other programs (like SORT to allow sorting text).

History

	EMACS was originally  a  text editor written by Richard Stahlman
at  MIT  in  the  early  1970s for Digital Equipment computers.  Various
versions, rewrites and clones have made an appearance since.

	This version of MicroEMACS is  derived from code written by Dave
G.  Conroy in 1985.  Later modifications were performed by Steve Wilhite
and George Jones.  In December of 1985	Daniel	Lawrence  picked  up the
then current source  (version  2.0) and has made extensive modifications
and additions to  it over the course of the next two years.  Updates and
support for  the  current  version  is	still  in progress.  The current
program author can be contacted by writing to:

	USMAIL: Daniel Lawrence
		617 New York St
		Lafayette, IN 47901

	UUCP:	ihnp4!pur-ee!pur-phy!duncan!lawrence
	ARPA:	nwd@j.cc.purdue.edu
	FIDO:	Fido 201/2 The Programmer's Room (317) 742-5533












MicroEMACS Reference Manual				  Basic Concepts








			       Chapter 1

			     Basic Concepts


	The current version of MicroEMACS is 3.8i (Third major re-write,
eighth public release, Ith  (or  ninth) minor release), and for the rest
of this document, we shall simply refer to this version as "EMACS".  Any
modifications for later versions will be listed in the appendixes at the
end of this manual.


1.1  Keys and the Keyboard


	Many  times  throughout  this manual we will  be  talking  about
commands  and  the keys on the keyboard needed use them.   There  are  a
number of "special" keys which can be used and are listed here:

		 NewLine which	is also called RETURN or ENTER, this key
		 is used to end different commands.

^		 The control  key  can	be  used  before  any alphabetic
		 character and some  symbols.	For example, ^C means to
		 hold down the   key  and type the C key at the
		 same time.

^X		 The  CONTROL-X key is used at	the  beginning	of  many
		 different commands.

META or M-	 This is a special EMACS key used to begin many commands
		 as well.  This key is pressed, and then released before
		 typing the next character.    On  most systems, this is
		 the    key,  but	it  can  be  changed.	(consult
		 appendix D to learn  what  key is used for META on your
		 computer).

	Whenever a command is described, the manual will list the actual
keystrokes needed to execute it in boldface using the above conventions,
and also the name of the command in italics.


1.2  Getting Started


	In order to use EMACS, you must call it up from your system's or
computer's command prompt.    On  UNIX	and  MSDOS  machines,  just type
"emacs" from the main command prompt and follow it with the   or


								       1






Basic Concepts				     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


 key (we will refer to  this  key  as  for "new-line" for the
remainder  of  this  manual).  On the Macintosh, the Amiga, the ATARI ST
and other icon based operating systems, double click on the uEMACS icon.
Shortly after this, a screen similar to the one below should appear.


1.3  Parts and Pieces


	The screen is divided into a number of	areas  or  windows.   On
some systems the top window contains a function list  of  unshifted  and
shifted function keys.	We will discuss these keys later. Below  them is
an EMACS  mode	line  which,  as we will see, informs you of the present
mode of operation of  the  editor--for example "(WRAP)" if you set EMACS
to wrap at the end  of each line. Under the mode line is the text window
where  text  appears  and is manipulated.  Since each window has its own
mode line, below the text window is it's mode line.   The  last  line of
the screen is the command line where EMACS takes commands and reports on
what it is doing.

===============================================================================
f1 search      f2 search back : F1 toggle function list F2 toggle help file
f3 hunt        f4 hunt back   : F3 find command/apropos F4 describe key
f5 next window f6 exec macro  : F5 reformat paragraph	F6 ref undented region
f7 find file   f8 exec file   : F7 indent region	F8 undent region
f9 save file  f10 exit emacs  : F9 execute DOS command F10 shell up
===============================================================================
-- MicroEMACS 3.8i () -- Function Keys ---------------------------------------
===============================================================================












===============================================================================
-- MicroEMACS 3.8i () -- Main ------------------------------------------------
===============================================================================
		Fig 1:	EMACS screen on an IBM-PC


1.4  Entering Text


	Entering text in EMACS is simple.  Type  the  following sentence
fragment:

     Fang Rock lighthouse, center of a series of mysterious and


2






MicroEMACS Reference Manual				  Basic Concepts


The text is displayed at the top of the text window.  Now type:

     terrifying events at the turn of the century

	Notice the text to the left  of  the cursor disappears and a '$'
sign appears.  Don't panic--your  text is safe!!! You've just discovered
that  EMACS  doesn't  "wrap"  text  to	the  next  line  like most  word
processors unless you hit .  But since EMACS is  used  for both word
processing, and text editing, it has a bit of a  dual  personality.  You
can change the way it works by setting various modes.  In this case, you
need  to set WRAP mode, using the add-mode command, by typing ^X-M.  The
command line at  the base of the screen will prompt you for the mode you
wish  to  add.	 Type wrap followed by the  key and any text you now
enter will be wrapped.	  However, the command doesn't wrap text already
entered.  To get rid of  the  truncated line, delete characters with the
  key  until the '$' goes away.  Now type in  the  words  you
deleted, watch how EMACS goes down to the next line  at  the right time.
(In some  versions  of	EMACS,	WRAP is a default mode in which case you
don't  have  to  worry	about  the instructions relating to adding  this
mode.)

	Now let's type a longer insert.  Hit  a  couple  of times to
tab  down  from  the  text  you  just  entered.  Now type the  following
paragraphs.  Press  twice to indicate a paragraph break.

     Fang Rock lighthouse, center of  a  series  of  mysterious and
     terrifying events at the turn of the century, is  built  on  a
     rocky  island  a  few miles of the Channel coast.	So small is
     the island that wherever you stand its rocks are wet  with sea
     spray.

     The lighthouse tower is in the center of the island.   A steep
     flight of steps leads to the heavy door in its base.   Winding
     stairs lead up to the crew room.


1.5  Basic cursor movement


	Now  let's practice moving around in this text.    To  move  the
cursor back to	the  word  "Winding,"  enter  M-B  previous-word.   This
command moves the cursor backwards by one word at a time.  Note you have
to press the key combination every time the  cursor  steps  back  by one
word.	 Continuously  pressing  META  and toggling B produces an  error
message.    To	move forward to the word "stairs" enter M-F, which moves
the cursor forward by one word at a time.

	Notice that EMACS commands are usually mnemonic--F  for forward,
B for backward, for example.

	To move the cursor up one line, enter ^P previous-line, down one
line ^N next-line.  Practice this  movement  by moving the cursor to the
word "terrifying" in the second line.



								       3






Basic Concepts				     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


	The  cursor may also be moved forward  or  backward  in  smaller
increments.    To  move forward by  one  character,  enter  ^F	forward-
character, to move  backward,  ^B backward-character.  EMACS also allows
you  to  specify a number which is normally used to tell  a  command  to
execute  many  times.	To repeat most commands, press META and then the
number before you enter the  command.	 Thus,	the  command  META  5 ^F
(M-5^F) will move  the	cursor	forward  by five characters.  Try moving
around in the text by using these commands.  For extra practice, see how
close  you can come to the word "small" in the first paragraph by giving
an argument to the commands listed here.

	Two other simple cursor commands that are useful to help us move
around in the text are M-N next-paragraph which moves the cursor  to the
second paragraph, and M-P previous-paragraph  which moves it back to the
previous paragraph.  The cursor may  also  be moved rapidly from one end
of  the line to the other.  Move the cursor to the  word  "few"  in  the
second line.  Press ^A beginning-of-line.  Notice the  cursor  moves  to
the word "events" at the beginning of the line.  Pressing ^E end-of-line
moves the cursor to the end of the line.

	Finally, the cursor may be moved  from	any point in the file to
the  end  or  beginning of the file.  Entering M-> end-of-file moves the
cursor	to the end of the buffer, M-<  beginning-of-file  to  the  first
character of the file.

	On the IBM-PC, the ATARI ST and many other machines,  the cursor
keys can also  be  used to move the cursor about.  Also, if there is one
available, moving the mouse will move the cursor.

	Practice moving the cursor in the text until you are comfortable
with the commands we've explored in this chapter.


1.6  Saving your text


	When you've finished practicing cursor movement, save your file.
Your file currently  resides  in  a  BUFFER.   The buffer is a temporary
storage area for your text, and is lost when the computer is turned off.
You can save the buffer to a file by entering  ^X-^S  save-file.  Notice
that  EMACS informs you that your file has no name and will not let  you
save it.

	To  save  your	buffer to a file with a different name than it's
current one (which is empty), press ^X^W write-file.  EMACS  will prompt
you for  the  filename	you  wish to write.  Enter the name fang.txt and
press return.	On a micro, the drive light will come on, and EMACS will
inform you it is writing the file.  When it finishes, it will inform you
of the number of lines it has written to the disk.

	Congratulations!! You've just saved your first EMACS file!





4






MicroEMACS Reference Manual				  Basic Concepts






			   Chapter 1 Summary


	In chapter 1, you learned how to enter	text,  how  to	use wrap
mode, how to move the  cursor, and to save a buffer.  The following is a
table  of  the	commands covered in this chapter and their corresponding
key bindings:

Key Binding		Keystroke	Effect

abort-command		^G		aborts current command

add-mode		^XM		allows addition of EMACS
					mode such as WRAP

backward-character	^B		moves cursor left one character

beginning-of-file	M-<		moves cursor to beginning of file

beginning-of-line	^A		moves cursor to beginning of line

end-of-file		M->		moves cursor to end of file

end-of-line		^E		moves cursor to end of line

forward-character	^F		moves cursor right one character

next-line		^N		moves cursor to next line

next-paragraph		M-N		moves cursor to next paragraph

next-word		M-F		moves cursor forward one word

previous-line		^P		moves cursor backward by one line

previous-paragraph	M-P		moves cursor to previous paragraph

previous-word		M-B		moves cursor backward by one word

save-file		^X-^S		saves current buffer to a file

write-file		^X-^W		save current buffer under a new name










								       5






Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions	    MicroEMACS Reference
								  Manual








			       Chapter 2

	     Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions


2.1  A Word About Windows, Buffers, Screens, and Modes


	In the first chapter, you learned how to create and save  a file
in EMACS. Let's do some more editing on  this  file.	Call up emacs by
typing in the following command.

	emacs fang.txt

	On  icon  oriented  systems, double click on  the  uEMACS  icon,
usually a file dialog box of some sort	will  appear.	 Choose FANG.TXT
from the appropriate folder.

	Shortly  after	you  invoke EMACS, the text should appear on the
screen ready  for  you	to  edit.  The text you are looking at currently
resides in a buffer.  A  buffer  is  a temporary area of computer memory
which is the primary unit internal to EMACS -- this  is  the place where
EMACS goes to work.  The mode line at the bottom of the screen lists the
buffer name, FANG.TXT and the name of the file with which this buffer is
associated, FANG.TXT

	The computer talks to you through  the	use of its screen.  This
screen usually has an area of 24 lines	each  of  80  characters across.
You can use  EMACS  to	subdivide  the screen into several separate work
areas, or windows, each  of  which can be 'looking into' different files
or sections of text.  Using windows, you  can  work  on  several related
texts at one  time,  copying  and  moving blocks of text between windows
with ease.   To  keep  track  of  what	you  are editing, each window is
identified by a mode line on the last line of the window which lists the
name of  the  buffer  which  it is looking into, the file from which the
text was read, and how the text is being edited.

	An EMACS mode tells EMACS how  to  deal  with user input.  As we
have already seen, the mode 'WRAP' controls how EMACS  deals  with  long
lines (lines with over 79 characters) while the user is typing	them in.
The  'VIEW' mode, allows you to read a file without modifying it.  Modes
are associated with buffers and not  with  files; hence, a mode needs to
be explicitly set or removed every time you  edit  a  file.   A new file
read into a buffer with a previously specified mode will be edited under
this  mode.    If you use specific modes frequently, EMACS allows you to
set the modes which are used by all new buffers, called global modes.



6






MicroEMACS Reference Manual	    Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and
							       Deletions


2.2  Insertions


	Your previously-saved text should look like this:

     Fang Rock lighthouse, center of  a  series  of  mysterious and
     terrifying events at the turn of the century, is  built  on  a
     rocky  island  a  few miles of the Channel coast.	So small is
     the island that wherever you stand its rocks are wet  with sea
     spray.

     The lighthouse tower is in the center of the island.   A steep
     flight of steps leads to the heavy door in its base.   Winding
     stairs lead up to the crew room.

	Let's assume you want to add a sentence in the	second paragraph
after  the  word  "base."    Move the cursor until it is on the  "W"  of
"Winding". Now type the following:

     This gives entry  to  the	lower  floor  where  the  big steam
     generator	throbs	steadily  away,  providing  power  for	the
     electric lantern.

	If the line fails to  wrap and you end up with a '$' sign in the
right margin, just  enter  M-Q fill-paragraph to reformat the paragraph.
This  new  command  attempts to fill out a paragraph.	Long  lines  are
divided up, and  words	are  shuffled  around to make the paragraph look
nicer.

	Notice that all visible EMACS characters  are  self-inserting --
all you  had  to  do  was type the characters to insert and the existing
text made space for it.  With a few exceptions discussed later, all non-
printing characters  (such as control or escape sequences) are commands.
To insert spaces,  simply use the space bar.  Now move to the first line
of the file and type ^O open-line (Oh, not zero).    You've just learned
how to insert a blank line in your text.


2.3  Deletions


	EMACS  offers  a  number of deletion options.  For example, move
the cursor until it's under the period at the end  of  the insertion you
just  did.    Press  the  backspace  key.   Notice the "n" on  "lantern"
disappeared.  The backspace implemented on EMACS is called a destructive
backspace--it  removes	text   immediately  before  the  current  cursor
position  from	the  buffer.	Now  type  ^H delete-previous-character.
Notice	that  the  cursor  moves  back and obliterates	the  "r"--either
command will backspace the cursor.

	Type in the two letters you erased to restore your text and move
the cursor to the  beginning  of the buffer M-> beginning-of-file.  Move
the cursor down one line to the beginning of the first paragraph.


								       7






Basic Editing--Simple Insertions and Deletions	    MicroEMACS Reference
								  Manual


	To delete the  forward character, type ^D delete-next-character.
The  "F" of "Fang" disappears.	Continue to type ^D until the whole word
is erased EMACS also permits the deletion of larger  elements  of  text.
Move  the  cursor  to the word "center"  in  the  first  line  of  text.
Pressing  M- delete-previous-word kills the word  immediately
before the cursor.  M-^H has the same effect.

	Notice	that  the  commands  are  very	similar  to the  control
commands  you  used  to delete individual letters.  As a general rule in
EMACS,	control sequences affect small areas  of  text,  META  sequences
larger areas.  The word forward of the cursor position can  therefore be
deleted  by  typing  M-D  delete-next-word.    Now  let's take	out  the
remainder of the first	line  by typing ^K kill-to-end-of-line.  You now
have a blank  line  at the top of your screen.	Typing ^K again or ^X-^O
delete-blank-lines deletes the blank line and flushes the second line to
the top of the text.  Now exit EMACS by typing ^X-^C exit-emacs.  Notice
EMACS  reminds	you  that you have not saved your buffer.    Ignore  the
warning and exit.  This way you can exit EMACS without saving any of the
changes you just made.




			   Chapter 2 Summary


	In Chapter 2, you learned about the basic  'building  blocks' of
an EMACS text file--buffers, windows, and files.

Key binding		Keystroke	Effect
delete-previous-character
			^H		deletes character immediately before
					the current cursor position

delete-next-character	^D		deletes character immediately after
					current cursor position

delete-previous-word	M-^H		deletes word immediately before
					current cursor position

delete-next-word	M-D		deletes word immediately after
					current cursor position

kill-to-end-of-line	^K		deletes from current cursor
					position to end of line

insert-space		^C		inserts a space to right of cursor

open-line		^O		inserts blank line

delete-blank-lines	^X-^O		removes blank line

exit-emacs		^X-^C		exits emacs


8






MicroEMACS Reference Manual				   Using Regions








			       Chapter 3

			     Using Regions


3.1  Defining and Deleting a Region


	At  this  point  its time to familiarize ourselves with two more
EMACS  terms--the point and the mark.  The  point  is  located	directly
behind the current cursor position.  The mark (as we shall  see shortly)
is user defined.    These  two	elements together are called the current
region	and limit the region of text on which EMACS performs many of its
editing functions.

	Let's begin by entering some new text.	Don't forget to add wrap
mode if its not set  on this buffer.  Start EMACS and open a file called
PUBLISH.TXT.  Type in the following text:

     One  of  the  largest growth areas in  personal  computing  is
     electronic publishing.    There  are  packages  available	for
     practically  every machine from elegantly simple programs	for
     the humble Commodore 64 to sophisticated professional packages
     for PC and Macintosh computers.

     Electronic publishing is as  revolutionary  in  its way as the
     Gutenburg press.	Whereas the printing press allowed the mass
     production and distribution of  the  written  word, electronic
     publishing puts the means of production in the hands of nearly
     every individual.	From  the  class  magazine to the corporate
     report, electronic publishing is changing the  way  we produce
     and disseminate information.

     Personal  publishing   greatly   increases   the	utility  of
     practically every computer.  Thousands  of  people  who joined
     the  computer revolution of this decade  only  to	hide  their
     machines unused in closets have  discovered a new use for them
     as dedicated publishing workstations.

	Now let's do some editing.  The last paragraph	seems  a  little
out of place.  To see what the document looks like without it we can cut
it from the text by moving the cursor to the beginning of the paragraph.
Enter M- set-mark.  EMACS will respond with "[Mark  set]".    Now
move the cursor to the end of the paragraph.  You  have  just  defined a
region	of  text.  To remove this text from the screen,  type  ^W  kill-
region.  The paragraph disappears from the screen.




								       9






Using Regions				     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


	On further consideration, however, perhaps the paragraph  we cut
wasn't so bad after all.   The	problem  may have been one of placement.
If we could  tack  it on to the end of the first paragraph it might work
quite well to support and strengthen  the  argument.  Move the cursor to
the end of  the first paragraph and enter ^Y yank.  Your text should now
look like this:

     One  of  the  largest growth areas in  personal  computing  is
     electronic publishing.    There  are  packages  available	for
     practically  every machine from elegantly simple programs	for
     the humble Commodore 64 to sophisticated professional packages
     for PC and Macintosh computers.   Personal  publishing greatly
     increases	the   utility	of   practically   every  computer.
     Thousands of people who joined the computer revolution of this
     decade  only to hide their machines  unused  in  closets  have
     discovered  a  new  use  for  them  as   dedicated  publishing
     workstations.

     Electronic publishing is as  revolutionary  in  its way as the
     Gutenburg press.	Whereas the printing press allowed the mass
     production and distribution of  the  written  word, electronic
     publishing puts the means of production in the hands of nearly
     every individual. From the  class	magazine  to  the corporate
     report, electronic publishing is changing the  way  we produce
     and disseminate information.


3.2  Yanking a Region


	The text you cut initially  didn't simply just disappear, it was
cut  into  a  buffer that retains the 'killed' text appropriately called
the kill  buffer.    ^Y  "yanks" the text back from this buffer into the
current buffer. If you have a long line (indicated, remember, by the "$"
sign), simply hit M-Q to reformat the paragraph.

	There are other uses to which the kill buffer can be put.  Using
the method we've already learned, define the last paragraph as a region.
Now type M-W copy-region.  Nothing seems to have  happened;  the  cursor
stays blinking at the point.   But  things have changed, even though you
may not be able to see any alteration.

	To see what  has  happened  to	the contents of the kill buffer,
move the cursor down a couple  of  lines  and "yank" the contents of the
kill  buffer  back  with ^Y.  Notice the last paragraph is now repeated.
The region you defined is "tacked on" to the end of your file because M-
W  copies a region to the kill buffer while leaving the original text in
your working buffer.	Some  caution  is  needed  however,  because the
contents of the  kill  buffer  are  updated when you delete any regions,
lines  or  words.   If you are moving large quantities of text, complete
the  operation	before	you do any more deletions or you could find that
the text you want to move has been replaced by the most recent deletion.
Remember--a buffer is a  temporary  area of computer memory that is lost
when the machine is powered down or switched off.  In order to make your


10






MicroEMACS Reference Manual				   Using Regions


changes permanent, they must be saved to a file before you  leave EMACS.
Let's  delete  the section of text we just added and save  the	file  to
disk.




			   Chapter 3 Summary


	In Chapter 3, you learned how to achieve  longer  insertions and
deletions.   The  EMACS  terms	point  and  mark were introduced and you
learned how to manipulate text with the kill buffer.

Key Binding	Keystroke	Effect

Delete-Region	^W		Deletes region between point and mark and
				places it in KILL buffer

Copy-Region	M-W		Copies text between point and mark into
				KILL buffer

Yank-Text	^Y		Inserts a copy of the KILL buffer into
				current buffer at point
































								      11






Search and Replace			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual








			       Chapter 4

			   Search and Replace


4.1  Forward Search


	Load EMACS and	bring  in  the	file  you just saved.  Your file
should look like the one below.

     One  of  the  largest growth areas in  personal  computing  is
     electronic publishing.    There  are  packages  available	for
     practically  every machine from elegantly simple programs	for
     the humble Commodore 64 to sophisticated professional packages
     for PC and Macintosh computers.   Personal  publishing greatly
     increases	the   utility	of   practically   every  computer.
     Thousands of people who joined the computer revolution of this
     decade  only to hide their machines  unused  in  closets  have
     discovered  a  new  use  for  them  as   dedicated  publishing
     workstations.

     Electronic publishing is as  revolutionary  in  its way as the
     Gutenburg press.	Whereas the printing press allowed the mass
     production and distribution of  the  written  word, electronic
     publishing puts the means of production in the hands of nearly
     every individual. From the  class	magazine  to  the corporate
     report, electronic publishing is changing the  way  we produce
     and disseminate information.

	Let's  use  EMACS  to search for the word "revolutionary" in the
second	paragraph.    Because  EMACS  searches from the  current  cursor
position toward the  end  of  buffers,	and we intend to search forward,
move the cursor to the beginning of the text.  Enter  ^S search-forward.
Note that the command line now reads

	"Search [] :"

	EMACS is prompting you to enter the search string  --  the  text
you want to find.  Enter  the  word  revolutionary and hit the META key.
The cursor moves to the end of the word "revolutionary."

	Notice that you must  enter  the  key to start the search.
If  you  simply  press	  the  command  line responds  with  "".
Although this may seem infuriating to users who are used to pressing the
return	key  to  execute  any  command,  EMACS'  use  of  to begin
searches allows it to pinpoint text with great accuracy.    After  every
line wrap or carriage return, EMACS 'sees' a new line  character ().


12






MicroEMACS Reference Manual			      Search and Replace


If you need to search for a word at the end of a line,	you  can specify
this word uniquely in EMACS.

	In our sample text  for  example, the word "and" occurs a number
of times, but only once at the end  of	a  line.    To	search	for this
particular occurrence of the  word,  move the cursor to the beginning of
the buffer and type ^S.  Notice that  EMACS  stores  the  last specified
search string as the default string.  If  you  press    now, EMACS
will search for the default string, in this case, "revolutionary."

	To change this string  so  we can search for our specified "and"
simply enter the word and followed by .  The command line now shows:

	"search [and]:"

	Press  and the cursor moves to "and"  at	the  end  of the
second last line.


4.2  Exact Searches


	If  the  mode  EXACT is active	in  the  current  buffer,  EMACS
searches on a case sensitive basis.  Thus, for example you  could search
for Publishing as distinct from publishing.


4.3  Backward Search


	Backward searching is very similar to  forward	searching except
that it is implemented in the reverse direction.  To implement a reverse
search,  type ^R search-reverse.  Because  EMACS  makes  no  distinction
between forward and backward stored search strings, the last search item
you entered appears as the default  string.   Try searching back for any
word that  lies  between  the  cursor  and  the beginning of the buffer.
Notice	that when the item is found, the point moves to the beginning of
the found string (i.e., the cursor appears under the first letter of the
search item).

	Practice searching for other words in your text.


4.4  Searching and Replacing


	Searching  and	replacing  is a powerful and quick way of making
changes to your text.	 Our sample text is about electronic publishing,
but the correct  term  is  'desktop'  publishing.  To make the necessary
changes we need to replace all occurrences of the word "electronic" with
"desktop." First, move the cursor to the top of the current  buffer with
the  M-<  command.  Then type M-R  replace-string.    The  command  line
responds:



								      13






Search and Replace			     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


	"Replace []:"

	where the square brackets enclose  the default string.	Type the
word electronic and hit .  The command line responds:

	"with []"

	type  desktop.	EMACS  replaces  all  instances  of  the
original  word	with  your  revision.	 Of  course,  you  will have  to
capitalize  the  first	letter	of  "desktop"  where  it occurs  at  the
beginning of a sentence.

	You  have  just  completed an unconditional replace.	In  this
operation,  EMACS  replaces  every instance of the found string with the
replacement string.


4.5  Query-Replace


	You may  also  replace	text  on a case by case basis.	The M-^R
query-replace-string command causes  EMACS  to pause at each instance of
the found string.

	For example, assume we	want  to  replace  some instances of the
word "desktop" with the word "personal." Go back to the beginning of the
current buffer and enter the  M-^R query-replace command.  The procedure
is  very  similar  to  that  which  you  followed in  the  unconditional
search/replace option.	When the  search begins however, you will notice
that EMACS pauses at each instance of "publishing" and asks  whether you
wish to replace it with the  replacement  string.   You have a number of
options available for response:

	Response	Effect
	Y(es)	Make the current replacement and skip to the next
		occurrence of the search string

	N(o)	Do not make this replacement but continue

	!	Do the rest of the replacements with no more queries

	U(ndo)	Undo just the last replacement and query for it
		again (This can only go back ONE time)

	^G	Abort the replacement command (This action does not
		undo previously-authorized replacements

	.	Same effect as ^G, but cursor returns to the point at
		which the replacement command was given

	?	This lists help for the query replacement command

	Practice searching and searching and  replacing  until	you feel
comfortable with the commands and their effects.


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Windows                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual


			   Chapter 4 Summary


	In this chapter, you learned how to search for specified strings
of  text  in  EMACS.	The  chapter  also dealt with searching for  and
replacing elements within a buffer.

Key Binding		Keystroke			 Effect

Search-Forward		^S	Searches from point to end of buffer.
				Point is moved from current location to
				the end of the found string

Search-Backward         ^R	Searches from point to beginning of buffer.
				Point is moved from current location to
				beginning of found string

Replace                 M-R Replace ALL occurrences of search string with
				specified (null) string from point to the
				end of the current buffer

Query-Replace	       M-^R	As above, but pause at each found string
				and query for action

































16






MicroEMACS Reference Manual					 Windows








			       Chapter 5

				Windows


5.1  Creating Windows


	We  have already met windows in an earlier  chapter.	In  this
chapter, we will explore one of EMACS' more powerful  features	--  text
manipulation through multiple windowing.

	You will recall that  windows  are areas of buffer text that you
can see on the screen.	Because EMACS can support several screen windows
simultaneously you can	use  them  to  look into different places in the
same  buffer.	 You  can  also  use them to look at text  in  different
buffers.  In effect, you can edit several files at the same time.

	Let's invoke EMACS and pull  back our file on desktop publishing
by typing

     emacs publish.txt

	When  the  text  appears,  type  the  ^X-2  split-current-window
command.  The  window  splits  into  two  windows.  The window where the
cursor resides is called the current  window  -- in this case the bottom
window.  Notice  that  each window has a text area and a mode line.  The
command line is however, common to all windows on the screen.

	The  two  windows  on your screen are virtually mirror images of
each  other because the new window is opened into the same buffer as the
one you are in when you issue the  Open-Window	command.    All commands
issued	to  EMACS are executed on the  current	buffer	in  the  current
window.

	To move  the  cursor  to  the  upper  window (i.e., to make that
window the current window, type ^X-P previous-window.  Notice the cursor
moves to the upper or previous window.	Entering ^X-O  next-window moves
to the next window.  Practice  moving  between windows.  You will notice
that you can  also  move  into	the  Function Key menu by entering these
commands.

	Now move to the upper window.  Let's open a new  file.	  On the
EMACS  disk is a tutorial file.  Let's call it into the upper window  by
typing:

     ^X-^F find-file



								      17






Windows                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual


and press return.  Then enter the filename emacs.tut.

	In a short time, the tutorial file will appear	in  the  window.
We now	have  two  windows  on	the  screen, each looking into different
buffers.  We  have just used the ^X- ^F find-file command to find a file
and bring it into our current window.

	You can scroll any window up  and  down with the cursor keys, or
with the commands  we've  learned  so  far. However, because the area of
visible  text in each window is relatively small,  you	can  scroll  the
current window a line at a time.

	Type ^X-^N move-window-down

	The current window scrolls down by  one  line -- the top line of
text scrolls out of view, and the bottom line moves  towards  the top of
the  screen.	You can imagine, if you like, the  whole  window  slowly
moving down to the end of the buffer  in  increments  of  one line.  The
command  ^X-^P	move-window-up	scrolls  the  window  in   the	opposite
direction.

	As  we have seen, EMACS editing commands  are  executed  in  the
current  window,  but  the  program  does support a useful feature  that
allows you to scroll  the  next window.  M-^Z scroll-next-up scrolls the
next window up, M-^U  scroll-next-down	scrolls  it  downward.	From the
tutorial  window,  practice  scrolling	the  window  with   the  desktop
publishing text in it up and down.

	When you're finished,  exit  EMACS without saving any changes in
your files.

	Windows offer you  a  powerful	and  easy  way to edit text.  By
manipulating   a  number  of  windows  and   buffers   on   the   screen
simultaneously,  you can perform complete edits  and  revisions  on  the
computer screen while having your  draft text or original data available
for reference in another window.

	Experiment  with splitting the windows on  your  screen.    Open
windows into different buffers and experiment with any	other  files you
may have.  Try editing the text in each window, but don't forget to save
any changes you want to keep --  you  still  have  to  save  each buffer
separately.


5.2  Deleting Windows


5.3  Resizing Windows


5.4  Other Window commands





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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					 Windows






			   Chapter 5 Summary


	In  Chapter  5	you  learned  how to manipulate windows and  the
editing flexibility they offer.

Key Binding		Keystroke		       Effect

Open-Window		^X-2		Splits current window into two windows
					if space is available

Close-Windows		^X-1		Closes all windows except current
					window

Next-Window		^X-O		Moves point into next (i.e. downward)
					window

Previous-Window         ^X-P		Moves point to previous (i.e. upward)
					window

Move-Window-Down	^X-^N		Scrolls current window down one line

Move-Window-Up		^X-^P		Scrolls current window up one line

Redraw-display		M-! or		Window is moved so line with point
			M-^L		(with cursor) is at center of window

Grow-Window		^X-^		Current window is enlarged by one
					line and nearest window is shrunk by
					one line

Shrink-Window		^X-^Z		Current window is shrunk by one line
					and nearest window is enlarged by one
					line

Clear-and-Redraw	^L		Screen is blanked and redrawn.	Keeps
					screen updates in sync with your
					commands

Scroll-Next-Up		M-^Z		Scrolls next window up by one line

Scroll-Next-Down	M-^U		Scrolls next window down by one line










								      19






Buffers                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual








			       Chapter 6

				Buffers


	 We have already learned a  number  of things about buffers.  As
you  will  recall,  they are the major internal entities in EMACS -- the
place  where  editing  commands are executed.  They are characterized by
their  names,  their  modes,  and  by  the  file  with	which  they  are
associated.   Each buffer also "remembers" its mark  and  point.    This
convenient feature allows you to go  to  other buffers and return to the
original location in the "current" buffer.

	Advanced users of EMACS frequently have a number  of  buffers in
the computer's memory simultaneously.  In the last chapter, for example,
you opened at least two buffers -- one into the  text  you were editing,
and the other into the EMACS on-line tutorial.	If you deal with complex
text files -- say, sectioned chapters  of  a  book, you may have five or
six buffers in	the  computer's  memory.    You  could	select different
buffers  by simply calling up the file with  ^X-^F  find-file,	and  let
EMACS  open  or  reopen  the  buffer.	 However,  EMACS offers fast and
sophisticated buffering techniques that you will find easy to master and
much more convenient to use.

	Let's begin by opening three buffers.  You can	open  any  three
you choose, for example call  the following files into memory: fang.txt,
publish.txt, and emacs.tut  in	the  order  listed  here.    When you've
finished this process, you'll  be  looking at a screen showing the EMACS
tutorial.    Let's  assume that you want to move to the fang.txt buffer.
Enter:

	^X-X next-buffer

	This command moves you to the next buffer.  Because EMACS cycles
through the buffer list, which is  alphabetized,  you will now be in the
fang.txt buffer. Using ^X-X again  places you in the publish.txt buffer.
If  you  are  on a machine that supports function keys, using ^X-X again
places you in the Function Keys buffer. Using ^X-X one last  time cycles
you back to the beginning of the list.

	If you have a large number of buffers to deal with, this cycling
process  may  be  slow and inconvenient.  The command ^X-B select-buffer
allows	you to specify the buffer you wish to be switched to.  When  the
command  is entered, EMACS prompts, "Use buffer:".    Simply  enter  the
buffer	name  (NOT  the file name), and that buffer will then become the
current buffer.




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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					 Buffers


	Multiple buffer manipulation and editing is a  complex activity,
and you will probably  find  it very inconvenient to re-save each buffer
as you modify it.  The	command  ^X-^B list-buffers creates a new window
that  gives  details  about  all  the buffers currently known to  EMACS.
Buffers that have been modified are identified by  the	"buffer changed"
indicator (an asterisk in the second column).  You can thus  quickly and
easily identify buffers that need to  be  saved to files before you exit
EMACS.	 The buffer window also provides  other  information  --  buffer
specific modes, buffer size, and buffer name are also listed.	To close
this window, simply type the close-windows command, ^X-1.

	To delete any buffer,  type  ^X-K  delete-buffer.  EMACS prompts
you "Kill buffer:".   Enter the buffer name you want to delete.  As this
is  destructive  command,  EMACS will ask for confirmation if the buffer
was  changed and not saved.  Answer Y(es) or N(o).  As usual ^G  cancels
the command.








































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Buffers                                      MicroEMACS Reference Manual






			   Chapter 6 Summary


	In Chapter 6 you learned how to manipulate buffers.

Key Binding		Keystroke		       Effect
Next-Buffer		^X-^X		Switch to the next buffer in the
					buffer list

Select-Buffer		^X-B		Switch to a particular buffer

List-Buffers		^X-^B		List all buffers

Delete-Buffer		^X-K		delete a particular buffer if it
					is off-screen





































22






MicroEMACS Reference Manual					   Modes








			       Chapter 7

				 Modes


	EMACS  allows  you  to change the  way	it  works  in  order  to
customized it to the style of editing you are using.   It  does  this by
providing a number of different modes.	These modes can effect	either a
single buffer, or any new  buffer that is created.  To add a mode to the
current buffer, type ^X-M add-mode.  EMACS will then prompt you  for the
name of a mode to add.	When you type  in  a legal mode name, and type a
, EMACS will  add the mode name to the list of current mode names in
the mode line of the current buffer.

	To remove an existing  mode,  typing  the ^X-^M delete-mode will
cause EMACS to prompt you  for	the  name  of  a mode to delete from the
current buffer.  This will remove  that  mode  from the mode list on the
current mode line.

	Global modes are  the  modes  which  are  inherited  by  any new
buffers which are created.  For example, if you wish to always do string
searching with character  case	being significant, you would want global
mode EXACT to be set so that any new files read  in  inherent  the EXACT
mode.  Global modes are set with the M-M  add-global-mode  command,  and
unset  with  the  M-^M delete-global-mode command.   Also,  the  current
global modes are  displayed  in  the  first line of a ^X-^B list-buffers
command.

	On machines which are capable  of  displaying  colors,	the mode
commands can also set  the  background	and foreground character colors.
Using add-mode or  delete-mode	with  a  lowercase  color  will  set the
background color in the current window.  An uppercase color will set the
foreground color in the  current  window.  Colors that EMACS knows about
are: white, cyan, magenta, yellow, blue, red, green, and black.   If the
computer you  are  running  on	does  not  have eight colors, EMACS will
attempt to make some intelligent guess at what color to use when you ask
for one which is not there.


7.1  ASAVE mode


	Automatic Save mode  tells  EMACS to automatically write out the
current buffer to its associated file on a regular basis.  Normally this
will be  every	256  characters  typed	into  the file.  The environment
variable $ACOUNT counts down to the next auto-save, and  $ASAVE  is  the
value used to reset $ACOUNT after a save occurs.



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Modes					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


7.2  CMODE mode


	CMODE is useful to  C  programmers.  When CMODE is active, EMACS
will try to assist the user in a number of  ways.    This  mode  is  set
automatically with files that have a .c or .h extension.

	The  key  will  normally  attempt  to return the user to the
next line at the same level  of  indentation as the current line, unless
the  current line ends with a open brace ({) in which case the new  line
will be further indented by one tab position.

	A close brace (}) will	delete one tab position preceding itself
as  it is typed.  This should line up the close brace with its	matching
IF, FOR or WHILE statement.

	A  pound  sign	(#) with only leading whitespace will delete all
the whitespace preceding itself.  This	will  always  bring preprocessor
directives flush to the left margin.

	Whenever any close fence  is  typed,  i.e  )]>}, if the matching
open fence is on screen in  the  current window, the cursor will briefly
flash to it,  and  then  back.	This  makes  balancing	expressions, and
matching blocks much easier.


7.3  CRYPT mode


	When a buffer is in CRYPT  mode,  it is encrypted whenever it is
written to a file, and decrypted when it  is  read  from  the file.  The
encryption key can be specified on the command line with the  -k switch,
or with the M-E set-encryption-key command.    If you attempt to read or
write a buffer in crypt mode and now key has not  been	set,  EMACS will
execute  set-encryption-key automatically, prompting you for the  needed
key.  Whenever EMACS prompts  you for a key, it will not echo the key to
your screen as you type  it (i.e make SURE you get it right when you set
it originally).

	The encryption algorithm used changes all characters into normal
printing characters, thus the resulting file is suitable for sending via
electronic mail.  All  version	of MicroEMACS should be able decrypt the
resulting file regardless of what  machine encrypted it.  Also available
with EMACS is the stand  alone program, MicroCRYPT, which can en/decrypt
the files produced by CRYPT mode in EMACS.


7.4  EXACT mode


	All string searches and replacements will take	upper/lower case
into account. Normally the case of  a  string during a search or replace
is not taken into account.



24






MicroEMACS Reference Manual					   Modes


7.5  MAGIC mode


	In the	MAGIC mode certain characters gain special meanings when
used  in  a  search  pattern.	 Collectively  they  are know as regular
expressions, and a limited number of them are  supported  in MicroEmacs.
They grant greater flexibility when  using the search command.	However,
they do not affect the incremental search command.

	The symbols that have special meaning in MAGIC mode are ^, $, .,
*, [ (and ], used with it), and \.

	The characters ^ and  $  fix the search pattern to the beginning
and  end  of  line, respectively.  The ^ character must  appear  at  the
beginning of the search string,  and  the  $  must  appear  at	the end,
otherwise they loose their  meaning  and are treated just like any other
character.  For example,  in  MAGIC mode, searching for the pattern "t$"
would  put the cursor at the end of any line that ended with the  letter
't'.  Note that this is  different  than searching for "t", that is,
't' followed by a newline character.  The character $  (and  ^, for that
matter) matches a position, not a character, so the  cursor  remains  at
the end of the line.  But a newline is a character that must be matched,
just like any  other  character,  which  means that the cursor is placed
just after it - on the beginning of the next line.

	The character .  has a very simple  meaning  --  it  matches any
single character, except the newline.  Thus a search for  "bad.er" could
match "badger", "badder" (slang), or up to the 'r' of "bad error".

	The character * is known as closure, and means that zero or more
of  the  preceding  character  will  match.    If  there is no character
preceding,  * has no special meaning, and since it will not match with a
newline, * will have no special meaning if preceded by the  beginning of
line symbol ^ or the literal newline character .

	The notion of  zero  or  more  characters is important.  If, for
example, your cursor was on the line

     This line is missing two vowels.

	and a  search  was  made  for  "a*",  the cursor would not move,
because  it  is  guaranteed to match no letter 'a' , which satisfies the
search conditions.  If you wanted to  search  for  one	or  more  of the
letter 'a', you would search for "aa*", which would match the  letter a,
then zero or more of them.

	The character [ indicates  the	beginning  of a character class.
It  is	similar to the 'any' character ., but you get  to  choose  which
characters you want to match.  The character  class  is  ended	with the
character ].  So, while a  search  for "ba.e" will match "bane", "bade",
"bale", "bate",  et  cetera,  you  can	limit  it to matching "babe" and
"bake" by searching for "ba[bk]e".  Only one of  the  characters  inside
the [ and ] will match a character.  If in fact you  want  to  match any
character except those in the character  class,  you  can put a ^ as the


								      25






Modes					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual


first character.  It must be the first character of  the  class, or else
it has	no  special  meaning.	So, a search for [^aeiou] will match any
character except a vowel, but a search for [aeiou^] will match any vowel
or a ^.

	If you have a lot of characters in order that you want to put in
the  character class, you may use a dash (-) as a range character.   So,
[a-z] will match any letter (or any lower case letter  if  EXACT mode is
on),  and  [0-9a-f]  will match any digit or any letter 'a' through 'f',
which happen to be the characters for hexadecimal numbers.  If	the dash
is at the beginning or	end of a character class, it is taken to be just
a dash.

	The escape character \ is for those times when you want to be in
MAGIC  mode,  but  also want to use a regular expression character to be
just  a  character.   It turns off the special meaning of the character.
So  a search for "it\." will search for a line with "it.", and not  "it"
followed by any other character.  The escape character will also let you
put ^, -, or ] inside a character class with no special side effects.


7.6  OVER mode


	OVER mode stands for overwrite mode.  When in  this  mode,  when
characters  are  typed,  instead of simply inserting them into the file,
EMACS  will  attempt  to overwrite an existing character past the point.
This is very useful for adjusting tables and diagrams.


7.7  WRAP mode


	Wrap mode is used when typing in continuous text.   Whenever the
cursor is past the currently set fill column  (72  by  default)  and the
user types a space or  a , the last word of the line is brought down
to  the  beginning  of	the  next  line.  Using this, one just	types  a
continuous  stream of words and EMACS  automatically  inserts  s  at
appropriate places.

			  NOTE to programmers:

     EMACS  actually calls up the function  bound  to  the  illegal
     keystroke M-FNW.  This is bound to the  function  wrap-word by
     default, but can be re-bound to  activate	different functions
     and macros at wrap time.


7.8  VIEW mode


	VIEW mode disables all commands  which	can  change  the current
buffer.  EMACS will display an error message  and  ring  the  bell every
time you attempt to change a buffer in VIEW mode.


26






MicroEMACS Reference Manual					   Modes






			   Chapter 7 Summary


	In Chapter 7 you learned about modes and their effects.

Key Binding		Keystroke		       Effect
Add-Mode		^X-M		Add a mode to the current buffer

Delete-Mode		^X-^M		Delete a mode from the current buffer

Add-Global-Mode         M-M		Add a global mode to the
					current buffer

Delete-Global-Mode	M-^M		Delete a global mode from the
					current buffer





































								      27






Files					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual








			       Chapter 8

				 Files


	A  file is simply a collection of related data.  In EMACS we are
dealing with text files -- named collections of text residing on  a disk
(or some other storage medium).  You will recall that the major entities
EMACS deals with  are  buffers.    Disk-based versions of files are only
active in EMACS when you are reading into or writing out of buffers.  As
we  have  already  seen,  buffers  and	physical  files  are  linked  by
associated  filenames.	  For  example,  the buffer "ch7.txt"  which  is
associated with the physical disk file "ch7.txt." You  will  notice that
the file is usually specified by the drive  name  or  (in  the case of a
hard drive) a path.  Thus you can specify full filenames in EMACS,

	e.g. disk:\directories\filename.extension

	If you do not  specify	a disk and directories, the default disk
is used.

	IMPORTANT  -- If you do not explicitly save  your  buffer  to  a
file, all your edits will be  lost  when you leave EMACS (although EMACS
will prompt you  when  you  are  about	to  lose  edits by exiting).  In
addition, EMACS  does not protect your disk-based files from overwriting
when it saves files.  Thus when you  instruct  EMACS  to  save a file to
disk, it will create a file if the specified file  doesn't  exist, or it
will overwrite the previously saved version of the  file  thus replacing
it.  Your old version is gone forever.

	If you are at all  unsure  about  your	edits,	or  if	(for any
reason) you wish to keep previous versions of a file, you can change the
name of the associated file with  the  command	^X-N.  When this file is
saved to disk, EMACS will create a new physical file under the new name.
The earlier disk file will be preserved.

	For example, let's load the file fang.txt into EMACS.  Now, type
^X-N.  The EMACS command line prompts "name:".	Enter a new name for the
file -- say new.txt and press .  The file will  be	saved  under the
new filename, and  your  disk  directory  will	show  both  fang.txt and
new.txt.

	An  alternative method is to write the	file  directly	to  disk
under a new filename.  Let's pull our "publish.txt" file into EMACS.  To
write this file under  another	filename, type ^X-^W.  EMACS will prompt
you "write file:".  Enter an alternate filename --  desktop.txt.    Your
file will be saved as the physical file "desktop.txt".



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MicroEMACS Reference Manual					   Files


	Note that in the examples above, although you  have  changed the
names of the related files, the buffer names remain the same.	However,
when  you pull the physical file back into EMACS, you will find that the
buffer name now relates to the filename.

	For example -- You are working with a buffer "fang.txt" with the
related file "fang.txt".  You change the name of the file  to "new.txt".
EMACS now shows you  working  with the buffer "fang.txt" and the related
file  "new.txt".    Now pull the file "new.txt" into EMACS.  Notice that
the buffer name has now changed to "new.txt".

	If for any reason a conflict of buffer names occurs,(if you have
files of  the  same  name  on  different  drives for example) EMACS will
prompt you "use buffer:".  Enter an alternative buffer name if	you need
to.

	For  a	list  of  file	related commands (including  some  we`ve
already seen), see the summary page.






































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Files					     MicroEMACS Reference Manual






			   Chapter 8 Summary


	In Chapter 8 you  learned  some of the more advanced concepts of
file  naming  and  manipulation.    The relationship between  files  and
buffers was discussed in some detail.

Key Binding	Keystroke	Effect

Save-file	^X-^S		Saves contents of current buffer with
				associated filename on default disk/
				directory (if not specified)

Write-File	^X-^W		Current buffer contents will be
				saved under specified name

Change-File-name
		^X-N		The associated filename is changed
				(or associated if not previously
				specified) as specified

Find-File	^X-^F		Reads specified file into buffer and
				switches you to that buffer, or switches
				to buffer in which the file has previously
				been read

Read-File	^X-^R		Reads file into buffer thus overwriting
				buffer contents.  If file has already
				been read into another buffer, you will
				be switched to it

View-File	^X-^V		The same as read-file except the buffer
				is automatically put into VIEW mode thus
				preventing any changes from being made


















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MicroEMACS Reference Manual			       Screen Formatting








			       Chapter 9

			   Screen Formatting


9.1  Wrapping Text


	As  we	learned  in  the  introduction,  EMACS	is  not  a  word
processor, but an editor.   Some simple formatting options are available
however, although in most  cases  they will not affect the appearance of
the finished text when it is run through the formatter.  We have already
encountered WRAP mode which  wraps  lines  longer  than a certain length
(default is 75 characters).  You will recall  that  WRAP  is  enabled by
entering ^X-M and responding to the command line prompt with wrap.

	You can also set your own wrap margin with the command ^X-F set-
fill-column.  Notice EMACS responds "[Fill column is 1]." Now try typing
some text.   You'll  notice  some  very strange things happening -- your
text wraps  at	every  word!!  This  effect  occurs because the set wrap
margin command must be preceded by  a  numeric argument or EMACS sets it
to the first column.  Thus any text you type that extends past the first
column will wrap at the most convenient line break.

	To reset the wrap column to 72 characters, press the   key
and enter 72.  EMACS will respond "Arg:  72".	 Now  press ^X-F.  EMACS
will respond "[Fill column is 72]".    Your  text will again wrap at the
margin you've been using up to this point.


9.2  Reformatting Paragraphs


	After an intensive editing session, you may find  that	you have
paragraphs  containing	lines  of  differing  lengths.	  Although  this
disparity will not affect  the	formatted  text, aesthetic and technical
concerns  may  make  it desirable to have consistent paragraph blocks on
the screen.   If you are in WRAP mode, you can reformat a paragraph with
the  command  M-Q  fill-paragraph.    This command 'fills'  the  current
paragraph  reformatting  it  so  all  the  lines  are  filled  and  wrap
logically.    The  process  is	complex,  and  (especially  with  longer
paragraphs) may take a little time.








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-- 
                            Paul Homchick
Chimitt Gilman Homchick, Inc.; One Radnor Station, Suite 300; Radnor, PA 19087
             {seismo!bpa | ihnp4!cbmvax} !vu-vlsi!cgh!paul