Relay-Version: version B 2.10 5/3/83; site utzoo.UUCP Posting-Version: version B 2.10.2 9/5/84; site mordor.UUCP Path: utzoo!watmath!clyde!bonnie!akgua!mcnc!philabs!cmcl2!seismo!umcp-cs!gymble!lll-crg!dual!mordor!@S1-A.ARPA,@MIT-MC.ARPA:FRIEDRICH%GAV@LLL-MFE.ARPA From: @S1-A.ARPA,@MIT-MC.ARPA:FRIEDRICH%GAV@LLL-MFE.ARPA Newsgroups: net.space Subject: Who are Mach and Hawking? Message-ID: <2366@mordor.UUCP> Date: Fri, 21-Jun-85 18:25:13 EDT Article-I.D.: mordor.2366 Posted: Fri Jun 21 18:25:13 1985 Date-Received: Sat, 29-Jun-85 23:58:39 EDT Sender: daemon@mordor.UUCP Lines: 65 From: FRIEDRICH%GAV@LLL-MFE.ARPA A question a couple of days ago asked, in effect, "who are Mach and Hawking, and what do they know?" Ernst Mach was the first of a number of physicists to ask questions about whether acceleration is relative to something. To make this concrete, the question raised, effectively, is "If you were spinning around in your desk chair, and the rest of the universe suddenly disappeared, would you still feel as though you were spinning?" The conclusion of Mach and many others after him, is "No! Inertia (which is "resistance to acceleration") is determined by the rest of the matter in the universe." In other words, accelerations are not absolute, but are with respect to the distant galaxies. Fred Hoyle and J. V. Narlikar have developed a reformulation of general relativity that embodies Mach's Principle; even the masses of atoms are determined by the distribution of matter in the universe. Now, for something completely different. Mach's Principle remains a conjecture only. Stephen Hawking is another story. Hawking is, in my own humble opinion (and that of many others) the world's greatest living astrophysicist. Unfortunately, he has a degenerative nerve disease that has crippled and is slowly killing him. He does his mathematics in his head and dictates to graduate students who have been specially trained to understand his speech (mostly by experience, I gather). Charles River Data Systems of Natick, Massachusetts, deserves a great big hearty THANKS for donating a supermicro or two to Hawking, which will probably help him communicate with others. Hawking is probably best known for showing the existence of Hawking radiation; the fact that black holes evaporate is due to this. It has been described as "the breakdown of vacuum (actually, space) under intense gravitic stress" in another message to this list. Essentially, what is happening is a result of quantum physics and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Space, at the quantum level, is not empty. It is seething with virtual particles, created due to uncertainty. Energy is "borrowed" from nothing to create particles, with the understanding that they live for only a very short period of time, and then disappear, giving the energy back. According to the uncertainty principle, this is OK as long as the product of the energy and the time don't exceed a certain (extremely small) value involving Planck's Constant. Now suppose that a virtual particle pair is created right next to the event horizon of a black hole, so that one member is sucked in. The other member now has nobody to combine with to give back the energy. Hawking showed that the net effect of this is that "permanent" energy is drawn from the black hole to replace the energy that was borrowed against the uncertainty principle. The particle that stayed outside the black hole becomes "real", and the result is that a black hole emits particles! Now, since black holes have finite mass, they can't continue to emit par- ticles forever. So the black hole gets smaller ("evaporates"). This increases the surface-to-mass ratio, and the black hole gets smaller faster. This rate of evaporation increases until there is finally an explosive effect in the last few instants of the hole's existence. I wish I could recall the timescale of this; the one thing I think I remember is that a black hole about the mass of Mount Everest would evaporate in something like a million years ... but don't quote me on that. Please note also that the above explanation spans a LOT of physics, and is necessarily crude. Terry