Relay-Version: version B 2.10 5/3/83; site utzoo.UUCP Posting-Version: version B 2.10.1 6/24/83; site allegra.UUCP Path: utzoo!watmath!clyde!burl!ulysses!mhuxj!ihnp4!allegra!vek From: vek@allegra.UUCP (Van E. Kelly) Newsgroups: net.audio Subject: Re: 1/4" Phone jack/plug VS. XLR(3-Prong) connectors Message-ID: <2844@allegra.UUCP> Date: Mon, 8-Oct-84 10:48:36 EDT Article-I.D.: allegra.2844 Posted: Mon Oct 8 10:48:36 1984 Date-Received: Tue, 9-Oct-84 03:47:22 EDT References: <1647@garfield.UUCP> Reply-To: vek@allegra.UUCP (Van Kelly) Distribution: net Organization: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill Lines: 84 Summary: In article <1647@garfield.UUCP> tag@garfield.UUCP (Terry Greening) writes: > > I have a question on microphone cables I would like to >have answered once and for all. The question I have in mind is >the matter of the two popular types of plugs/jacks used for mi- >crophones. I am refrerring to the basic 1/4" phone plug/jack and >the 3-prong plug/jack. Are there any advantages or disadvantages >to either of them. I have heard that one of them is better for >long cable runs but it may hinder audio quality. I have gotten >several different responses from several different people. Could >somebody that knows about these things please let me know what >the differences in quality, length of cable run, etc. is???? >-- As a former designer of microphone preamplifier circuitry, let me take a crack at this. The physical configuration of the plug is not the determining factor in audio quality by rather the following two factors: 1. Whether the microphone signal is being transmitted using a balanced (twisted-pair floating signal, ground shield, hence 3-conductors) or unbalanced (ground-referenced signal, 2 conductors) mode. All other things being equal, a balanced interface will be some 20-40 db. less sensitive to interference from such things as 60 Hz hum and CB radio interference. A 1/4" phone plug usually has only 2 connectors, and can only be used in unbalanced mode. An XLR connector has room for a three- conductor interface, and is usually wired in balanced mode. 2. What is the source impedance of the microphone element as seen from the cable's point of view. A low impedance connection (150 ohms or so -- that's A.C., not as measured with your ohm-meter) will be much less susceptible to high-frequency degradation due to the internal capacitance of long lengths of cable than will a high-impedance connection (50,000 ohms or so). In the old days, XLR connectors went with microphones with low-impedance connections, while you could be pretty darn sure that a microphone with a 1/4" plug was high impedance. With the new condenser mikes with built-in preamps, this is no longer a rigid rule, and microphone impedances can vary all over the map. Still, for professional audio use, the universal standard remains a low-impedance microphone with a balanced connection, terminated in an XLR connector. The major exceptions to this rule are miniature microphones (tie-clasp and surveillance types) and electric guitar pickups. The practical drawback in this scheme is that the low-impedance microphone signals, unless pre-amplified at their source, will have a much lower voltage coming into the mixer than a high-impedance signal of the same total power. This means that to achieve low-noise operation you need an impedance matching transformer on every mixer input. An impedance matching transformer is a VERY expensive piece of iron to build if you want combined wide frequency response, high efficiency, good shielding, and negligible distortion. Thus many preamp manufacturers scrimp on the transformers, giving low-impedance microphones a reputation for slightly "grittier" sound among some audio purists. In my experiences using microphones in a variety of settings (band tours and the studio), I still wouldn't consider anything less than a low-impedance balanced connection feeding a high-quality matching transformer. In a pinch, I'd take a two medium-impedance mikes (1-2 Kohms) on very short (<10') cables directly into the mike jacks of a consumer grade tape deck, but not unless I knew my locale was relatively free from radio interference. Only as a last resort would I try cheap (read Shure) matching transformers outboard of the mixer or deck. This much I feel may be of interest to the net. Terry, if you have more detailed questions, feel free to send me inquiries by private mail. Cheers, Van Kelly AT&T Bell Labs Murray Hill N.J. allegra!vek The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of my employer.