From: utzoo!decvax!pur-ee!evritt Newsgroups: net.misc Title: Re: Paradox Article-I.D.: pur-ee.516 Posted: Fri Aug 20 23:11:08 1982 Received: Sat Aug 21 06:13:40 1982 Can God create a stone He cannot lift? I believe that this question can be restated, "Can God create a stone which cannot be lifted by any agent whatsoever including God?" Further I take it that God is considered to be omnipotent. I suspect that how we treat the relationship between omnipotence and God will solve the problem of whether or not our original question leads us to a contradiction or not. First, here are replies to earlier discussions of the paradox. I see no reason to refer to a "metauniverse" as B.J.Herbison (decvax!yale-comix!herbison-bj, August 7) did. Whether one wishes to include God in this universe or not, what we are interested in is whether He could perform an act which would limit His powers--in this case create a stone which He could not lift--in the realm of humanly observable phenomena. The realm of potentially observable phenomena could (at least loosely) be equated to our universe, and this is the realm we are interested in. Whether God could be limited in some realm outside of the universe is not of interest here. Dave Johnson's (!imux*!pyuxcc!djj, August 7) discussion is interesting but not really applicable to our point. If God created something which He had no power to affect then nothing He could later create would be able to affect it. Otherwise we would say that God did indeed have the power to affect the thing he created. For our purposes it will suffice to speculate on what it means for God to create something that no agent could affect. I admit it would be interesting to speculate on what would happen if God created a ten pound rock that He could not lift, but unnecessary. (For example, in the above case, does that mean that God could not cause a human to pick up the rock? Could God ask someone to pick up the rock? Would God know that someone would pick up the rock before they actually performed the act?) Here is my point. If at some time God is omnipotent and God then decides to create the stone that no force in the universe can lift including Himself, then from that point on God would no longer be omnipotent. Omnipotence implies the power to remove itself. The only problem arises in the relationship between God and His omnipotence. If a defining characteristic of God is that He is forever omnipotent then we have a contradiction. If He performs a self-limiting act He looses His omnipotence, but His omnipotence must be forever, that is, never lost. If God can perform a self-limiting act, He is no longer omnipotent, but He must always be omnipotent. If God cannot perform a self-limiting act He is not omnipotent, but He must always be omnipotent. That is a dilemma of the first order. If one accepts the dilemma one has two options: Either reject the premise that God is forever omnipotent, or reject the premise that God is forever. In other words one can say that God can remove His omnipotence and no longer require omnipotence as a defining characteristic of God, or one can say that God can, in a figurative sense, commit suicide and change Himself into something that one would not define as God. I realize I have to admit to at least one assumption I have not stated. The big assumption I make is that God is subject to time as we perceive it. I will try to avoid jumping into the middle of a dangerous debate but none-the-less note that I find it difficult to speak of God or anything acting independent of the notion of time. In conclusion, if there is a God and He is understandable to humans in a rational non-contradictory way then He is most likely not omnipotent. At least omnipotence is not one of His necessary properties.